tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13442180227959953712024-03-13T07:44:23.949-07:00SARUEDI SIMAMORADon't Try to do the best, but Do the best!Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.comBlogger91125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-63550752319713808252015-05-23T23:53:00.000-07:002015-05-23T23:53:03.484-07:00TRANSFER EMBRIO<div class="WordSection1">
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FISIOLOGI
DAN TEKNOLOGI REPRODUKSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">EMBRYO
TRANSFER</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Radhita Andriani 1209005060<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Lidia Nofantri 1209005061<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Yusuf Riska Alhamdani 1209005062<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Daniel Raja Bonar Nainggolan 1209005063<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Erena Hajar Kartika 1209005064<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Agatha Serena Tobing 1209005066<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">R.A.C Noorputri A S 1209005067<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://saruedisimamorae.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Saruedi Simamora </a> 1209005068<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bianca Violanda Junus 1209005069<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I Made Wira Diana Putra 1209005085<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DENPASAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2015<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568058"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567892"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567663"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji
dan Syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya
penulis dapat menyelesaikan paper ini tepat pada waktunya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paper ini bertujuan membantu mahasiswa Kedokteran
Hewan untuk lebih mendalami dan mengetahui tentang Embryo Transfer</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah mendukung dan
membantu dalam penyelesaian paper ini. Penulis juga mengharapkan kritik dan
saran dari pembaca untuk menyempurnakan paper ini. Akhir kata penulis
mengucapkan terimakasih.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 252.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Denpasar, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> April 2015<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 252.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568059"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567893"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567664"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<div class="MsoTocHeading">
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<div class="MsoToc1">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="display: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568058 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">ii</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000350038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568059 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">iii</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000350039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB I PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="display: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568060 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">1</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.1 Latar Belakang</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568061 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">1</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.2 Rumusan Masalah</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568062 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">2</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.3 Tujuan</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568063 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">2</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="display: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568064 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">3</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1
Pengertian</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568065 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">3</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.2
Manfaat Transfer Embrio</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568066 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">3</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.3
Keunggulan Transfer Embrio Dibandingkan Inseminasi Buatan</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568067 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">3</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.4
Tahapan Transfer Embrio</span><span style="display: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> PAGEREF _Toc417568068 \h </span><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display: none;">4</span><span style="display: none;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400310037003500360038003000360038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB III PENUTUP</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.1 Kesimpulan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.2 Saran</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc404253533"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568060"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567894"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567665"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I <o:p></o:p></span></b></a></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568061"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567895"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567666"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1
Latar Belakang</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Permintaan akan daging di Indonesia akan bertambah terus secara
nyata dengan bertambahnya penduduk dan pendapatan. Usaha membentuk bangsa sapi
potong baru memerlukan waktu yang lama. Selama beberapa tahun impor ternak
hidup untuk meningkatkan produksi ternak potong mengalami banyak hambatan dan
tidak optimal. Oleh karena itu teknologi transfer embrio (TE) menawarkan jalan
untuk meningkatkan dan mengembangkan produksi daging secara berkelanjutan.
Produksi embrio dapat dilakukan secara in vivo dan in vitro. Teknologi
superovulasi dengan menggunakan hormon gonadotrophin telah berhasil meproduksi
embrio secara in vivo, akan tetapi teknologi ini dibatasi oleh mahalnya hormon
dan respons yang bervariasi dari donor. Produksi embrio secara in vitro
menawarkan jalan yang terbaik untuk menghasilkan embrio yang berkualitas baik
dan murah. Sumber oocyt bisa dari rumah potong hewan maupun hewan betina muda
(Juvenile) dan tidak didapat hambatan teknik untuk penerapannya dilapangan.
Ternak potong lokal (PO, SO, Bali, dll) mempunyai fertilitas yang tinggi dan
sudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan tropis. Menggunakan bangsa sapi lokal untuk
resipien bagi hybrid embrio hasil in vitro sangat memungkinkan. Teknologi
pemisahan spermatozoa akan meningkatkan efisiensi produksi sapi potong. Pada
waktu yang akan datang teknologi sexing , splitting dan cloning embrio untuk
meningkatkan efisiensi TE perlu dievaluasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi TE
di Indonesia dimulai pada awal dasawarsa 1980-an. Saat ini penelitian dan
penguasaan teknologi telah dilakukan dan dikembangkan oleh berbagai institusi,
seperti BALITNAK, Balai Embrio Ternak, LIPI dan beberapa Perguruan Tinggi
seperti IPB, UGM, Brawijaya, Airlangga dll. Keberhasilan teknologi TE di
Indonesia masih sangat beragam dan dampaknya untuk perkembangan maupun
peningkatan produktivitas ternak masih sangat minimal. Program untuk
mengembangkan dan memanfaatkan teknologi TE masih belum terfokus dengan baik.
Padahal teknologi ini merupakan salah satu wahana yang sangat penting dalam
rangka meningkatkan produktivitas ternak. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568062"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567896"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567667"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2
Rumusan Masalah</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
itu pengertian transfer embrio?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
manfaat transfer embrio?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
keunggulan transfer embrio?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
tahapan transfer embrio?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568063"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567897"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567668"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3
Tujuan</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
pengertian transfer embrio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
manfaat transfer embrio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
keunggulan transfer embrio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
tahapan transfer embrio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc404253539"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568064"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567898"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567669"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568065"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567899"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567670"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Pengertian</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transfer embrio adalah suatu
proses dimana embrio dipindahkan dari seekor hewan betina yang bertindak
sebagai donor pada waktu embrio tersebut belum mengalami implantasi, kepada
seekor betina yang bertindak sebagai ppenerima sehingga resepien tersebut
menjadi bunting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568066"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567900"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567671"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Manfaat Transfer
Embrio</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa manfaat dari
teknologi transfer embrio adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk meningkatkan populasi ternak unggul. Seekor sapi betina
hanya mampu menghasilkan 7 keturunan selama hidupnya, sedangkan dengan
penerapan TE maka seekor sapi betina mampu menghasilkan 448 keturunan selama
hidupnya. (Rutledge, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Import dan eksport embrio sebagai ganti ternak dewasa sehingga
biasanya menjadi lebih ekonomis. Transfer embrio juga memungkinkan hewan
melahirkan anak dari spesies lain, misalnya kuda melahirkan zebra, domba
melahirkan kambing seperti yang terjadi di Louisville Zoo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat lainnya adalah memperoleh keturunan dari induk yang kurang
fertile, induk yang dimaksud adalah betina yang menderita oobstruksi tuba
falofia yang bilateral total dan betina yang menderita adesi fimria bilateral
total (Martojo, 1987).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568067"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567901"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567672"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Keunggulan
Transfer Embrio Dibandingkan Inseminasi Buatan</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbaikan mutu genetik pada IB hanya berasal dari pejantan unggul
sedangkandengan teknologi TE, sifat unggul dapat berasal dari pejantan dan
induk yangunggul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh derajat kemurnian genetik
yang tinggi (Purebred) dengan TE jauh lebih cepat dibandingkan IB dan kawin
alam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan teknik TE, seekor betina unggul mampu menghasilkan lebih
dari 20-30ekor pedet unggul per-tahun sedangkan dengan IB hanya dapat
menghasilkan satupedet per-tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui teknik TE dimungkinkan terjadinya kebuntingan kembar
dengan jalanmentransfer setiap tanduk uterus (Cornua Uteri) dengan satu embrio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568068"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567902"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567673"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Tahapan Transfer
Embrio</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilihan Donor Dan Resipien<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seleksi sapi betina donor untuk transfer embrio harus
mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor ekonomis dan genetic yaitu mempunyai
produktivitas yang tinggi, sehat, mempunyai siklus birahi yang regular mulai
pubertas. Mempunyai kinerja yang baik, dan tidak pernah mengalami kesulitan
melahirkan maupun gangguan reproduksi lainnya. Sedangkan syarat hewan resepien
adalah sapi muda yang bebas penyakit, kinerja yang bagus, dan proses kelahiran
sebelumnya mudah. Kandidat resepien perlu diperiksa dengan cermat kondisi
kesehatan tubuh maupun status reproduksinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Superovulasi Dan Induksi Estrus Pada Donor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Superovulasi
adalah suatu usaha yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan ova lebih banyak
dibandingkan dengan keadaan normalnya dengan memberikan hormone dari luar.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="background: white;">Superovulasi memerlukan sediaan
gonadotropin yang kaya akan atau meniru efek FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone). Disamping itu FSH harus ada dalam periode yang cukup untuk memacu
pertumbuhan dan pematangan akhir folikel. Sediaan FSH, PMSG (Pregnant mare’s
serum gonadotropin) dan HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) merupakan agen
gonadotropin yang lazim digunakan untuk superovulasi. Hasil superovulasi
meliputi jumlah embrio dan kualitas embrio sangat bervariasi dan sulit
diramalkan. Respon hewan terhadap
preparat gonadotropin tergantung dari musim, bangsa, makanan, macam preparat
yang dipakai, berat hidup, umur, fase dari siklus birahi, dan frekuensi
pemberian dan dosis gonadotropin yang digunakan.</span> <span style="background: white;">Preparat
gonadotropin dapat diberikan pada fase luteal yaitu hari ke-8 sampai 12 siklus
birahi yang diikuti dengan pemberian preparat prostaglandin F2-alfa (PGF2-alfa)
untuk melisiskan corpus luteumnya; pada fase proestrus yaitu hari ke-16 sampai
20 siklus birahi tanpa diikuti dengan pemberian PGF2-alfa. Jika superovulasi
menggunakan PMSG maka PGF2-Alfa diberikan 48 jam setelah menyuntikkan PMSG,
namun jika menggunakan FSH, maka PGF2-Alfa diberikan pada hari ke-3 atau
bersamaan dengan pemberian FSH yang ke-5. Dosis FSH yang telah digunakan pada
sapi Bali adalah 24 mg untuk setiap ekor sapi, yang dibagi menjadi 8 dosis dan
diberikan 2 kali sehari selama 4 hari berturut-turut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu masalah utama dalam program transfer embrio adalah tingginya variabilitas
respon terhadap superovulasi pada induk donor. Padahal kuantitas dan kualitas
embrio donor sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan transfer embrio.
Superovulasi merupakan kunci keberhasilan transfer embrio dan tidak hanya
ditentukan oleh tingginya laju ovulasi dan jumlah embrio yang diperoleh, tetapi
superovulasi dipengaruhi juga oleh berbagai faktor seperti faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi respon superovulasi pada induk donor, faktor yang mempengaruhi
fertilisasi dan viabilitas embrio serta faktor yang berhubungan dengan
manajemen induk donor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon yang umum digunakan
untuk menginduksi superovulasi pada sapi adalah Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) yang berasal dari hipofisa. FSH merupakan hormon glikoprotein yang
mempunyai waktu paruh yang pendek, sehingga memerlukan pemberian secara
berulang untuk merangsang aktivitas folikel secara lebih efisien. Berbagai
penelitian pengaruh pemberian hormon terhadap respon superovulasi pada induk
donor telah dilakukan yaitu dengan menggunakan PMSG, FSH Ovagen, FSH-PTM (FSH
from pituitary) baik pada sapi potong maupun sapi perah (Tappa et al., 1994a;
1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
Indonesia PMSG lebih banyak digunakan karena dapat diperoleh dengan mudah dan
lebih murah dibandingkan dengan FSH-P. Pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin
merupakan glikoprotein komplek yang mempunyai aktivitas biologi seperti FSH dan
LH; dimana aktivitas FSHnya lebih besar. PMSG mengandung asam sialat 10,8% yang
berfungsi mencegah degradasi glikoprotein hormone oleh hati (Bindon and Piper,
1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada spi
PMSG mempunyai daya kerja yang cukup panjang waktu paruhnya, yakni antara 2-5
hari, sedangkan residunya tetap ada dalam sirkulasi darah sampai 10 hari. PMSG
bekerja dengan kemampuannya mencegah atau menghambat proses atresia dari
folikel ovaria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan
PMSG di Indonesia dapat diperoleh dengan mudah, dengan merk dagang Folligon.
Dosis PMSG yang dianjurkan pada sapi adalah 1:500-3.000 IU yang disuntikkan
secara intramuskuler tiap donor sapi. Untuk membantu proses ovulasi dan
mencegah terjadinya folikel anovulasi kadang-kadang perlu diberikan HCG awal
birahi dengan dosis 1.500-3.000 IU per ekor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
paruh PMSG yang panjang menimbulkan problema overstimulasi ovaria. Problem ini
dapat diatasi dengan injeksi intravena antibody monoclonal terhadap PMSG
(anti-PMSG) pada saat inseminasi. Anti-PMSG akan menetralisir PMSG yang ada
dengan menurunkan 85% konsentrasi PMSG di darah dalam waktu 1 jam dan sampai
konsentrasi yang tidak dapat dideteksi lagi dalam waktu 2 jam. Salah satu
anti-PMSG yang dapat diperoleh di pasaran adalah Neutra-PMSG.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinkronisasi estrus</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinkronisasi
birahi adalah suatu usaha yang dilakukan untuk mengendalikan siklus birahi
sekelompok hewan betina sehingga birahi terjadi dalam waktu yang bersamaan atau
paling tidak dalam waktu 2 atau 3 hari. Dalam program TE teknik sinkronisasi
birahi dapat dipakai untuk menyeragamkan stadium siklus birahi antara hewan
donor dan hewan resipien. Pemindahan embrio dapat dilaksanakan dengan berhasil
ke dalam uterus hewan resipien jika stadium siklus birahinya bersamaan dengan
keadaan uterus hewan donor (Toilihere, 1987).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinkronisasi
perlu dilakukan setelah perlakuan superovulasi agar waktu ovulasi terjadi dalam
waktu bersamaan. Untuk keperluan ini perlu adanya induksi luteolisis dengan
agen luteolitik. Agen luteolitik yang sudah teruji manfaatnya adalah PGF2-Alfa.
Birahi pada sapi yang sudah di superovulasi akan timbul dalam waktu 36-48 jam
setelah pemberian PGF2-Alfa. Untuk perlakuan sinkronisasi birahi betina
resipien perlu diketahui terlebih dahulu siklus birahinya, karena corpus luteum
sapi peka terhadap PGF2-Alfa hari ke-5 sampai 14 siklus birahi. Jika pada waktu
korpus luteum peka diberi perlakuan maka birahi akan timbul 1-4 hari atau
rata-rata 2 hari setelah penyuntikan PGF2-Alfa. Jika kita belum mengetahui
siklus birahi sapi tersebut maka dilakukan penyuntikan PGF2-Alfa 2 kali dengan
interval 10 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur yang digunakan
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternak yang
diketahui mempunyai corpus luteum (CL), dilakukan penyuntikanPGF2α satu kali.
Birahi biasanya timbul 48 sampai 96 jam setelah penyuntikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila
tanpa memperhatikan ada tidaknya CL, penyuntikan PGF2α dilakukandua kali selang
waktu 11-12 hari. Penyuntikan PGF2α pada ternak resipien harusdilakukan satu
hari lebih awal daripada donor. Keadaan ini disebabkan karenapada ternak donor
yang telah diberi hormon gonadotropin, birahi biasanya lebihcepat yaitu 36-60
jam setelah penyuntikan PGF2a sedangkan pada resipien berahibiasanya timbul
48-96 jam setelah penyuntikan PGF2α.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hewan </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Donor</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan
hewan donor dapat dilakukan kawin alami atau inseminasi buatan (IB). Apabila
dikawinkan secara IB maka diperlukan dosis ganda yang aplikasinya satu dosis
diberikan 6 jam setelah menunjukkan gejala birahi dan satu dosis lagi diberikan
6 jam kemudian.</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Koleksi Embryo Dari Donor</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Koleksi
embrio hewan donor dapat dilakukan pada hari ke-6 sampai 8 setelah perkawinan,
pada waktu embrio sudah berada pada kornua uteri. Pemanenan embrio yang sudah
pernah dilakukan pada sapi Bali yaitu pada hari ke-7 setelah perkawinan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlengkapan
yang diperlukan untuk pemanenan embrio adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Sterio mikroskop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Foley cateter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Larutan PBS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Pipa kaca berbentuk Y<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Cawan petri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Selang dan jarum suntik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan donor
dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu dengan jalan disuntik acethyl promazin dosis 6 mg
per ekor.Selanjutnya sapi dimasukkan ke kandang jepit, daerah sekitar vulva
dibersihkan dan diberi desinfektan dan alcohol 70%. Anastesi epidural dilakukan
segera sebelum katerisasi, dengan Lignocaine 2% dosis 4-6 ml. Manfaat anastesi
yang diberikan adalah untuk mengurangi rasa sakit, mencegah pengejanan maupun
pengeluaran kotoran yang mengganggu pelaksanaan pembilasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Pemanenan:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stilette Cassou Insemination Gun dimasukkan ke
dalam kateter supaya menjadi kaku, selanjutnya kateter diberi pelumas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 44.45pt center 198.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan palpasi rectal, kateter dimasukkan
perlahan-lahan melewati vagina, cerviks, terus ke kornua uteri sampai 2/3
panjang kornua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Selanjutnya balon kateter diisi udara atau air
sebanyak 5 ml, kemudian stiletto gun ditarik. Pipa kaca berbentuk hurup Y
dipasang, dimana ujung-ujungnya telah terpasang selang penghubung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan PBS dimasukkan tiap-tiap 30-60 ml
tergantung besar hewan sampai menghabiskan 500 ml setiap kornua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil bilasan uterus ditampung dalam beker gelas
dan dibiarkan mengendap selama 30 menit, selanjutnya supernatannya dibuang dan
sisanya dievaluasi di bawah sterio mikroskop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBzwsQZaeoM5La5byquq75RY3m4P62lB8xIMLH34Bd3lafmPQGO4qAbvEClsmBVnTvC4OXVdBw8n-0s3UBlEGV8f3Q4Tt8Sk3Wtacx7mdu6_77JULpupg5_GTVchwEp3Ozhzn3zOO06Q/s1600/Slide1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOBzwsQZaeoM5La5byquq75RY3m4P62lB8xIMLH34Bd3lafmPQGO4qAbvEClsmBVnTvC4OXVdBw8n-0s3UBlEGV8f3Q4Tt8Sk3Wtacx7mdu6_77JULpupg5_GTVchwEp3Ozhzn3zOO06Q/s400/Slide1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:262.5pt;height:231pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg"
o:href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEFZ5rMejau89wc6GvYhUOEYc7bYSr327L9GGqEPtNBXolOccGpj_K9X5CwULqPy5f-bfJWdCodJpjOmbNX_RZcbVmtHEiDDi5w32IVADP8hrfhCfTJW2WzpLsmOoArKfxAt73jeIRpao/s1600/TE+2.jpg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar :</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Circular method of uterin horn flushing (non surgical)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi embryo</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
embrio dilakukan di bawah sterio mikroskop dengan pembesaran lebih dari 40
kali. Embrio yang didapat harus mempunyai stadia yang relative sama; yaitu
stadium morula (32 sel), morula kompak (blastomer memadat menjadi masa yang
lebih kompak), dan blastosis awal (mempunyai blastosel). Adanya embrio yang
stadium pertumbuhannya kurang dari 32 sel menunjukkan adanya kelambatan
pertumbuhan. Embrio yang didapat dari media pembilas diambil menggunakan
mikropipet, selanjutnya dimasukkan ke dalam straw mini atau medium bening yang
transparan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi embrio yang
didapat pada pembilasan didasarkan pada penampilan umum morphologis dengan
kriteria:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas embrio A (sangat baik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Stadium embrio sesuai dengan yang diantisipasi
(morula, blastosis dini ataublastosis) tidak cacat, bentuk bundar spherical,
ikatan blastomer erat dan kompak,bentuk simetris dan warna agak gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas embrio B (baik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
perkembangan 16-32 sel, tampak sedikit cacat seperti keluarnya salahsatu
blastomer dari ikatan dan bentuk asimetris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas embrio C (cukup)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stadium
perkembangan agak retarded satu sampai dua hari dari stadium yangdiantisipasi
(8-16 sel), cacat, beberapa blastomer keluar, ukuran blastomer tidak sama besar
atau asimetris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas embrio D (jelek) dan tidak layak ditransfer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Embrio yang mengalami hambatan perkembangan parah (2-8 sel),
embriomengalami degenerasi seluler, ikatan-ikatan blastomer longgar sampai
lepas atauovum yang tidak terbuah (Infertlized Ova).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar:
kualitas embrio<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: background1;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transfer Embrio (TE)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transfer embrio segar maupun beku ke resipien
dilakukan pada hari siklus birahi yang sama dengan umur embrio (karena embrio
dipanen pada umur 7 hari) maka siklus birahi resipien yang dapat dipakai adalah
7 ± 1 hari setelah birahi atau birahi hewan donor dan resipien minimal dalam 24
jam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya terdapat dua metode TE yang
digunakan yaitu metode pembedahandan metode tanpa pembedahan. Metode pembedahan
dilakukan dengan jalanmembuatan sayatan di daerah perut (<i>Laparotomi</i>) baik sayatan sisi (<i>Flank
Incici</i>) atausayatan pada garis tengah perut (<i>Midle Incici</i>). Metode tanpa pembedahan dilakukan dengan memasukkan
embrio kedalam straw kemudian ditransfer kedalam uterus resipien dengan
menggunakan <i>Cassoue Gun Insemination</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transfer dilakukan langsusng ke kornua uteri
kurang lebih 5-10 cm dari bifurkasio uteri. Resipien yang tidak menunjukkan
gejala birahi setelah 3 siklus birahi yang diharapkan dapat dilakukan
pemeriksaan kebuntingan per rectal untuk menentukan berhasil tidaknya program
transfer. Pemeliharaan resipien yang telah bunting sama seperti pemeliharaan-pemeliharaan
pada hewan bunting pada umumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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pada sapi</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III <o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568070"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1
Kesimpulan</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transfer embrio adalah suatu proses dimana embrio dipindahkan dari
seekor hewan betina yang bertindak sebagai donor pada waktu embrio tersebut
belum mengalami implantasi, kepada seekor betina yang bertindak sebagai
ppenerima sehingga resepien tersebut menjadi bunting. Beberapa manfaat dari
teknologi transfer embrio adalah untuk meningkatkan populasi ternak unggul,
lebih ekonomis, dan untuk memperoleh keturunan dari induk yang kurang fertile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan Transfer Embrio:<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilihan Donor dan Resipien<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Superovulasi dan Induksi Estrus Pada Donor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinkronisasi estrus</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hewan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Donor</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Koleksi Embryo dari Donor</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi embryo</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transfer Embrio (TE<b>)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568071"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2
Saran</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam setiap
pelaksanaan transfer embrio hendaknya memperhatikan dan mengikuti setiap
tahapan yang ada, supaya keberhasilan dalam transfer embrio bisa dijamin dan
dipertanggungjawabkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
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<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417568072"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567904"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc417567675"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: .05pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bindon, B.M. and
L.R . Piper. 1980. <i>Assessment of new and
traditional techniques ofselection for lambing rate.</i> In: G.J. Togs, D.E.
ROBERTSON and R. J . LIGHTFOOT (Ed) Sheep Breeding (2nd Ed.). p. 387- 401 .</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lubis., A,
M. 2000. P<i>emberdayaan bioteknologi reproduksi Untuk peningkatan mutu genetik
ternak</i>. WARTAZOA Vol. 10 No. 1. Balai Penelitian Ternak. Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Martojo, H.
1987. <i>Pengaruh Faktor-faktor Pendukung
Terhadap Keberhasilan Transfer Embrio dan Rekayasa Genetik dalam Peningkatan
Mutu dan Produksi Ternak.</i> Interuniversity Center for Live Sciences. Bogor
Agricultural University.6</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rutledge, J.J.
2004. <i>Technology innovations to enchance
livestock agribusiness</i>. Seninar nasional teknologi peternakan dan
veteriner. Hal 6.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saputra, Junaidi 2012. <i>Peningkatan Populasi dan Mutu Genetik Sapi
dengan Teknologi Transfer Embrio. </i><a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/120394645/%20Makalah-Bioteknologi-Peternakan-Junaidi-p-Saputra"><span style="color: black;">https://www.scribd.com/doc/120394645/
Makalah-Bioteknologi-Peternakan-Junaidi-p-Saputra</span></a>. Diakses pada
tanggal 12 April 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tappa, B., E.M. Kaiin, S.
Said & M. Suwecha. 1994b. <i>Response of
dairy cows treated with repeated superovulation and embryo recovery</i>. Proceeding
of 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress. Bali. P. 19-20.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tappa, B., M. Soewecha, S.
Said, E.M. Kaiin, & F. Afiati. 1997. <i>Over
5 years study in superovulation of dairy and beef cows using FSH-Ovagen and
FSH-P during embryo transfer.</i> 4th International Meeting on Biotechnology in
Animal Reproduction, Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Toelihere, M.R.
1987.<i> Ilmu Kebidanan pada Ternak Sapi dan
Kerbau</i>. Universitas Indonesia. P. 40 – 44.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-63981541829551562782015-02-24T00:01:00.001-08:002015-02-24T00:15:59.368-08:00RESTRAIN DAN CASTING PADA SAPI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BEDAH
VETERINER UMUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RESTRAIN
DAN CASTING PADA SAPI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.</span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi merupakan salah
satu ternak yang banyak dijumpai di Indonesia. Sapi dimanfaatkan masyarakat
untuk diambil susu dan dagingnya. Hal ini membuat sapi sangat diperlukan untuk pemenuhan
pangan masyarakat. Sehingga diperlukannya perhatian khusus untuk mengendel
hewan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi merupakan salah
satu hewan besar yang tenaganya diatas orang dewasa. Maka dari itu, sangat
penting untuk dokter hewan mengetahui cara merestrain dan mengcasting hewan
ini. Sehingga saat melakukan pemeriksaan atau operasi dokter hewan maupun sapi
yang ditangani tidak mengalami cedera.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.</span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang dimaksud restrain dan casting?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
fungsi dan tujuan dilakukannya restrain dan casting?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
saja jenis restrain dan casting yang dapat digunakan pada sapi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mengetahui cara-cara melakukan restrain dan casting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
melakukan restrain dan casting sejara benar dan tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
memilih cara terbaik dalam menangani sapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Restrain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain adalah
menghalangi gerak atau aksi dari hewan sapi sehingga dapat menghindari atau mengurangi
bahaya untuk dokter hewan, asisten maupun sapi itu sendiri. Bahaya tersebut
dapat berupa sepakan, desakan, injakan dari sapi pada waktu sapi akan diperiksa
kesehatannya , dilakukan pemeriksaan, pengobatan, dioperasi, dibersihkan,
maupun pada waktu akan diperah (bagi sapi perah).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahaya atau resiko
untuk sapinya sendiri dapat berupa luka benturan karena sepakan yang mengenai
dinding kandang yang tajam atau keras seperti paku, potongan kayu dan lain
sebagainya yang dapat menyebabkan luka memar atau tergores dan pendarahan
sampai patah tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis dari restrain
terdiri dari 3 tipe dasar, yaitu sebagai berikut ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain Perilaku (Behavioral Restraining)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain Kimia (Chemical Restraining)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain Fisik (Physical Restraining)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum melakukan
restrain pada sapi pertama yang dilakukan adalah inspeksi dari jarak jauh,
perhatikan hewan maupun keadaan sekitarnya (hanya untuk pemeriksaan di tempat/
di kandang). Lakukan inspeksi dari segala arah. Bila hewan menunjukan sikap
atau posisi abnormal, usahakan agar posisinya normal dan perhatikan apakah
hewan mampu untuk berdiri pada posisi yang normal atau tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.1.1. Metode Restrain
pada Sapi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode restrain ada
bermacam-macam dan sangat tergantung pada cara penanganan yang baik adalah
penanganan yang lembut tetapi tegas. Dalam melakukan restrain haruslah tenang,
percaya pada kemampuan, tidak ragi-ragu, waspada, dan tidak sembarangan. Sebelum
bertindak haruslah merencanakan metodenya serta menyiapkan peralatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain untuk
mengalihkan perhatian sapi disini dilakukan tindakan atas perlakuan pada sapi
sampai menimbulkan rasa sakit yang bersifat sementara sehingga perhatian
sapi mengarah pada rasa sakit tersebut dan selama itu tindakan pengobatan dan
pemeriksaan dapat dilakukan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain Perilaku (Behavioral Restraining)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perilaku tiap jenis
sapi berbeda, sapi perah umumnya bersifat lebih tenang dan jinak dibanding
dengan sapi potong (sapi bali) hal ini disebabkan karena sapi perah sering
bertemu dengan manusia dan juga kontak dengan manusia secara langsung.
Sementara sapi potong seperti sapi bali jarang bertemu dan berkontak langsung
dengan manusia terkecuali petugas kandang pemiliknya yang menggembalakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jarak perlu diperhatikan ketika akan
merestrain sapi. Sapi mempertahankan diri atau membela dirinya dengan cara
menggunakan kepala untuk menyundul, tanduk untuk menanduk, dan kaki untuk
menendang. Temperamen sapi hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor breed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila sapi semasa pedet sering di restrain secara
ramah semasa pedet akan bermanfaat dan berpengaruh di saat dewasa. Karena sapi
juga biasanya mengingat pengalaman atau perlakuan yang buruk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai dokter hewan, kita juga harus dapat
mengerti dan dapat membaca temprament yang ditunjukan oleh sapi dengan
menggunakan bahasa tubuh. Seperti bila sapi dalam posisi siaga, waspada, posisi
telinga tegak bisa saja sapi mengalami ketakutan. Lalu bila sapi mulai
mengangkat-angkat kaki belakang kemungkinan itu suatu peringatan bahwa sapi
akan menendang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sapi tidak melihat, mendengar atau membau
sebagaimana pada manusia. Matanya terletak disamping kepala, ini bisa membuat
mereka mampu melihat sampai 360<sup>0</sup>. Sapi memiliki penglihatan
binokular untuk sudut yang kecil yaitu 25-50 derajat kedepannya sehingga mampu
merasakan kedalaman, jarak, dan kecepatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan mereka memiliki penglihatan
monokular pada sampingnya yang hanya bisa mendeteksi pergerakan. Sapi sensitif
untuk suara dengan frekuensi tinggi yang tidak bisa didengar manusia. Sapi juga
memiliki pembauan yang lebih baik daripada manusia, oleh karena ini saat akan
merestrain sapi sebaiknya dokter hewan di dampingi oleh pemilik sapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sapi akan lebih tenang dan tidak beringas
bila kepalanya dielus atau di usap lembut oleh pemiliknya. Sehingga dapat
memudahkan dalam tahap pengobatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arousal (penimbulan) adalah ukuran dari
aktivitas sapi. Tidur adalah kondisi arousal yang sangat rendah, sedangkan
ketika lari atau bertarung arousalnya sangat tinggi. Peningkatan arousal bisa
terjadi karena lapar, aktivitas seksual, gaduh, ada anjing menyalak, dipukul,
disakiti, dsb. Penurunan arousal terjadi karena kekeluargaan, lampu dim, suara
dengan frekuensi rendah, pukulan, suara ritmis, musik, hening, dan orang yang
familiar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Restrain Kimia (Chemical Restraining)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alpha-2 agonis adalah obat yang saat ini paling
umum digunakan untuk menginduksi tranquilization dan/atau sedasi pada sapi.
Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine, dan romifidine adalah alpha-2 agonis. Dari
jenis tersebut, xylazine saat ini paling sering digunakan di Amerika Serikat
untuk memberikan sedasi pada sapi. Obat lain seperti Acepromazine, kloral
hidrat, dan pentobarbital memiliki sejarah panjang digunakan dengan ternak dan
terus menjadi tersedia secara komersial, namun, kepentingan obat-obat ini
terbatas pada keadaan khusus. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Derajat
sedasi atau pembatasan yang dihasilkan oleh xylazine tergantung pada rute
injeksi, dosis yang diberikan, dan temperamen hewan. Dosis rendah (0,015-0,025
mg/kg IV atau IM) akan memberikan sedasi tanpa menyebabkan sapi
rubuh/kehilangan keseimbangan. Dosis tinggi xylazine (0,1 mg / kg IV atau 0,2
mg / kg IM) akan memberikan efek hilangnya kesadaran atau teranestesi secara umum
pada sapi selama kurang lebih satu jam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Detomidine
diberikan pada 2,5-10,0 mg/kg IV pada sapi untuk memberikan sedasi berdiri
sekitar 30 - 60 menit. Detomidine pada 40 mg/kg IV akan menghasilkan sedasi mendalam
dan hilangnya kesadaran. Dosis tinggi detomidine (100 mg/kg) yang telah digunakan
untuk melumpuhkan ternak liar. Medetomidine telah diberikan pada 30,0 mg/kg IM
untuk menghasilkan hilangnya kesadaran berlangsung 60-75 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kombinasi
xylazine dan butorfanol telah digunakan pada sapi untuk memberikan neuroleptanalgesia.
Dosis adalah 0,01 – 0,02 mg/kg IV masing-masing obat yang diberikan secara
terpisah pada sapi. Durasi kerja adalah sekitar 1 jam. Kombinasi detomidine
(0,07 mg/kg) dan butorphanol (0,04 mg/kg) juga telah digunakan untuk
melumpuhkan mulai ternak liar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Restrain Fisik (Physical Restraining)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Restrain dengan menggunakan Kandang Jepit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Restrain ini
menggunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">kandang
jepit sebagai alat untuk merestrain, hal ini biasa dilakukan untuk palpasi
rektal atau ekplorasi rektal pada sapi, kawin suntik atau IB dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyG4GilMSQHWtEmfH_qoXgrEAbSMyo6fStMfxvvCHbjHq_n1_QkOY0kfGzBVfadY5ZB3mxY-BREvZmIPaIGdUVQt5b00oDetUk7zbnP_MHR4VEE9gkVFfDiHDqHTdrhhmpnIlK0AjLIbo/s1600/Slide1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyG4GilMSQHWtEmfH_qoXgrEAbSMyo6fStMfxvvCHbjHq_n1_QkOY0kfGzBVfadY5ZB3mxY-BREvZmIPaIGdUVQt5b00oDetUk7zbnP_MHR4VEE9gkVFfDiHDqHTdrhhmpnIlK0AjLIbo/s1600/Slide1.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
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id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
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o:title="" croptop="18607f" cropbottom="31269f" cropleft="21941f"
cropright="29820f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain ekor (Tail
Lift)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Restrain
ini dilakukan bilamana perlu untuk mengalihkan perhatian sapi dari bagian lain
tubuhnya dimana pekerjaan sedang dilakukan. Itu dapat digunakan saat memberikan
injeksi ambing ke syaraf sapi. Jaga kedua tangan dekat dengan pangkal ekor sedapat
mungkin. Berdiri disamping sapi untuk menghindari tendangan, dan lakukan
mengangkat ekor dengan kekuatan. Itu harus lembut tetapi tegas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW9MBwNUhHkdHG7OF3KyVyTR_jTssnPc5M2z4JKSwzjA-0DhCWvSGR-vio9Uk-d8q_k5A7sH-yCwv6sCNHNGBtDlrFYl6YZti7_KRtEFCWMJmYnF-GNHZb_LV4q_w0c0QkJiTXr2D1Q5M/s1600/Slide2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW9MBwNUhHkdHG7OF3KyVyTR_jTssnPc5M2z4JKSwzjA-0DhCWvSGR-vio9Uk-d8q_k5A7sH-yCwv6sCNHNGBtDlrFYl6YZti7_KRtEFCWMJmYnF-GNHZb_LV4q_w0c0QkJiTXr2D1Q5M/s1600/Slide2.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="Description: Tail Lift" style='width:273pt;height:212.25pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title=" Tail Lift"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik restrain kali
ini biasa di kenal dengan tali ketuh atau tali telusuk. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Caranya:
angkat kepala hewan hampir tinggi dan tarik ke arah sisi yang berlawanan dengan
tempat bekerja. Lakukan tekanan pada jembatan batas antara lubang hidung untuk
menyebabkan sakit pada jaringan sensitif diantara lubang hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh4t0cJXANqN0WeNBeDYtN7IRUZ7j24tfzu57Xaz-Xa8gOuIRHF2Bq_dV1e12ZONVZgmEHySUqm_Yk-P9m2rKL-9KCHRr_pg-Grpgh-R6gVtyTFf7bR2TmeL9LtpchfRHtvEi1HG8v9gc/s1600/Slide3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh4t0cJXANqN0WeNBeDYtN7IRUZ7j24tfzu57Xaz-Xa8gOuIRHF2Bq_dV1e12ZONVZgmEHySUqm_Yk-P9m2rKL-9KCHRr_pg-Grpgh-R6gVtyTFf7bR2TmeL9LtpchfRHtvEi1HG8v9gc/s1600/Slide3.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:291.75pt;height:177.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" croptop="35945f" cropbottom="13634f" cropleft="10017f"
cropright="40799f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain Kepala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik restrain ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">didesain untuk mengalihkan
perhatian dari posisi menangkap dan menghindarkan dari tendangan dan membuat
beberapa langkah khusus yang mungkin.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPxykRiPJed8M0uLrFV76LsXRnbQkY22SCpZ6PYX9IWsuAjz1kJddhgT9fagUu36yQLdiML1uWADr3zvjq9jjJCViXqd4n6Ji64RxRC0-spUrQH1dfCkRgm_2e4Ud0scS7GpYK3aoFsQ/s1600/Slide4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRPxykRiPJed8M0uLrFV76LsXRnbQkY22SCpZ6PYX9IWsuAjz1kJddhgT9fagUu36yQLdiML1uWADr3zvjq9jjJCViXqd4n6Ji64RxRC0-spUrQH1dfCkRgm_2e4Ud0scS7GpYK3aoFsQ/s1600/Slide4.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:393.75pt;height:150pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="" croptop="27286f" cropbottom="20576f" cropleft="8884f" cropright="30592f"/>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain Leher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Te</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">knik restrain ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">didesain untuk mengalihkan perhatian dari
posisi menangkap. Sealain itu restrain ini bertujuan untuk menahan sapi agar
tidak berlari kemana-mana saat akan diobati atau diperiksa.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6y4VBXVnl3-4ZBviRR4OFMW4zbWpJ70SJlxXncvqIbeWY1NjvEdugORPzQXnJ_YV9ICmKn75IXp33AvSAq-cghEIsewxgVuLI3Ozk0mR4GPylu43qZ9_jTlluD5jaW8nWCirNgKvXAic/s1600/Slide5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6y4VBXVnl3-4ZBviRR4OFMW4zbWpJ70SJlxXncvqIbeWY1NjvEdugORPzQXnJ_YV9ICmKn75IXp33AvSAq-cghEIsewxgVuLI3Ozk0mR4GPylu43qZ9_jTlluD5jaW8nWCirNgKvXAic/s1600/Slide5.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain pada anak sapi (Pedet)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1QV1lFUEzAH0FXPuwkerNQTgR_T2lhE3LpqW4SHt8h6yEM6-c4ROybBRAgv4M4Ym4sQzbTfeOXAGDtsAFuxYzVzj2VBD6z2tCMJa3R5ezmFXzlxZr6Q2BBrALAV0qf00yZ3f9adEdtBc/s1600/Slide6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1QV1lFUEzAH0FXPuwkerNQTgR_T2lhE3LpqW4SHt8h6yEM6-c4ROybBRAgv4M4Ym4sQzbTfeOXAGDtsAFuxYzVzj2VBD6z2tCMJa3R5ezmFXzlxZr6Q2BBrALAV0qf00yZ3f9adEdtBc/s1600/Slide6.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Raih
seluruh punggung hewan dan tarik kaki pada samping terdekat dari luar. Pedet
kemudian diturunkan kebawah pada lantai dengan berat melawan kaki. Sehingga
jatuh ke tanah secara lembut. Jangan menjatuhkan anak sapi dengan menarik
kakinya secara cepat dari bawah tubuhnya sehingga ia jatuh keras pada
sampingnya. Pada hewan yang sangat muda, dengan cara ini mungkin bisa
melukainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.</span></b><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Casting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Casting
adalah cara merebahkan hewan untuk tindakan medis dan pembedahan. Untuk casting
pada sapi bisa menggunakan tali yang dililit kebagian ektremitas caudal dari
arah punggung kemudian ke arah abdomen dan ditarik secara berlahan maka sapi
akan rebah secara perlahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Casting
pada sapi terdapat dua metode, yaitu Burley Rope dan Squeese methode. Sebelum
melakukan casting pada sapi, alangkah baiknya bila memperhatikan pesyaratan
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berhati-hati, jangan sampai melukai sapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempat cukup lapang,
rata, empuk, dan jauh dari pepohonan, tembok, batu/benda lain yang
membahayakan. Alas dibuat dari jerami kering/rumputyang kering, usahakan di
tempat yang teduh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tali yang digunakan
cukup besar dan panjang kurang lebih 10 m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sediakan tenaga manusia
4-5 orang, satu untuk mengarahkan jatuhnya sapi, sedangkan yang lain sebagai
penarik tali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Setelah sapi rebah, cepat dikuasai agar tidak
berusaha berdiri kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada sapi bunting
sebaiknya jangan dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Burley Rope</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode casting ini dirancang oleh Dr.DR.Burley
Georgia. Metode ini memiliki banyak keuntungan dibandingkan metode casting
lainnya. Pertama, dalam metode ini tidak perlu untuk mengikat tali di sekitar
tanduk atau leher. Tali hanya melewati sekitar tubuh hewan yang memakan waktu
singkat. Kedua, metode ini tidak memberikan tekanan pada dada dan dengan
demikian tidak mengganggu kinerja dari jantung dan paru-paru. Ketiga, itu tidak
membahayakan organ genital sapi atau pembuluh mammae sapi.<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> Dengan menahan kedua kaki belakang, dapat diikat dengan ujung
tali casting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAmN4kDzzwmGM8M0bvX4WzvL-JeRIrLfmWSDHYsjfn9TQBvt7w116Jr7LMRFgrrkLWePEWOjFWk8j-uuUMKvsqh6H_bnA2tak8lZPh7sJksR7IvmGnkvVrkTcZg6GLLvCe4JLFrhNbowI/s1600/Slide7.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAmN4kDzzwmGM8M0bvX4WzvL-JeRIrLfmWSDHYsjfn9TQBvt7w116Jr7LMRFgrrkLWePEWOjFWk8j-uuUMKvsqh6H_bnA2tak8lZPh7sJksR7IvmGnkvVrkTcZg6GLLvCe4JLFrhNbowI/s1600/Slide7.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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Menarik tali pada bagian ujung untuk merobohkan sapi. Penarik
bisa saja mengontrol arah jatuhnya sapi dengan menarik tali pada satu sisi,
sehingga sapi terjatuh ke arah yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Untuk mengikat kaki belakang, operator membuat kedua tali
tetap terselip di sepanjang permukaan yang paling atas dari kaki belakang untuk
<i>fetlock</i> tersebut. Penarik menekuk
kaki bawah dan membuat setengah halangan sekitar fetlock tersebut.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqgJAQCwyArlFDX83NrOHZiGBfJrZn-7zSHEU8rvE6anJgrulQGSOGfilASZvjGu0RK-hg_KHZFW4KZHmu882K9XVvwhvRvWvcGxbO3IXT4ZGh_PvJs1CNmzSk3oEFtKL2KqqWHU0buL0/s1600/Slide8.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqgJAQCwyArlFDX83NrOHZiGBfJrZn-7zSHEU8rvE6anJgrulQGSOGfilASZvjGu0RK-hg_KHZFW4KZHmu882K9XVvwhvRvWvcGxbO3IXT4ZGh_PvJs1CNmzSk3oEFtKL2KqqWHU0buL0/s1600/Slide8.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1344218022795995371" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8"
o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: D:\bedah umum\rest sapi\burley2.gif"
style='width:243pt;height:189pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title="burley2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></b><span style="color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;">Ujung
dari tali dibawa mengelilingi kaki di atas </span><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;">hock</i><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;">,
melewati mata kaki, dan kembali ke </span><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;">fetlock</i><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;">
sehingga tali berbentuk seperti angka 8.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy7Kd3mU1Hx7w4KFSM2t5HUfY45_yWpQw3OQsXOVNJvJjf9mqY9RgWeL7V9ppZz2l-nL45W1VwyxfzOMm4QMDq_ZDhvmZVnWot79PSkMJc_A9txLLtY7hCulY4M4zWiRSZUlXSlyi-FI/s1600/Slide9.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYy7Kd3mU1Hx7w4KFSM2t5HUfY45_yWpQw3OQsXOVNJvJjf9mqY9RgWeL7V9ppZz2l-nL45W1VwyxfzOMm4QMDq_ZDhvmZVnWot79PSkMJc_A9txLLtY7hCulY4M4zWiRSZUlXSlyi-FI/s1600/Slide9.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 1cm;"><br /></span></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: D:\bedah umum\rest sapi\burley3.gif"
style='width:265.5pt;height:363pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.png"
o:title="burley3"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk
mengikat kaki depan dibutuhkan tali yang berat dan pendek atau diperlukan tali
yang panjangnya kurang-lebih enam kaki. Salah satu ujung tali diikat di sekitar
pastern dengan <i>clove hitch</i>
meninggalkan ujung tali yang bebas yang panjangnya sekitar delapan inci. Kaki
depan tertekuk dan ujung panjang tali dibawa ke depan dan melewati bawah tali
utama turun dari <i>withers</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKRW7QDUX4OMwaFkq5AbP6gO9AdXA4atqSEkJbrsGmx-HVe68g5Ce7ooatJz7AtSyZ910USt2wCYeH5sIdSZ02xNamZRTWJ63r03xGb3p4Adrtq0ruIcWTKW62lZB-jwe1frououAlVDo/s1600/Slide10.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKRW7QDUX4OMwaFkq5AbP6gO9AdXA4atqSEkJbrsGmx-HVe68g5Ce7ooatJz7AtSyZ910USt2wCYeH5sIdSZ02xNamZRTWJ63r03xGb3p4Adrtq0ruIcWTKW62lZB-jwe1frououAlVDo/s1600/Slide10.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: D:\bedah umum\rest sapi\burley4.gif"
style='width:268.5pt;height:179.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.png"
o:title="burley4"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel ini melewati sekitar bagian depan
kaki beberapa kali tertekuk dan diikat simpul <i>reefer</i> untuk ujung bebas pendek di pastern tersebut.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu09sQc1B9uipHOWeFAk-wFcJcxt7ieZQOBPu_EVSRIi4_Vc4NvraYdgrSICRPS7URzAC4bNJIopFt9_l47JIg_yF00EfWhj0pQlVjHftzoYQj52S6MtM158r0QRTtIxcpK_JUXJOnkcE/s1600/Slide11.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu09sQc1B9uipHOWeFAk-wFcJcxt7ieZQOBPu_EVSRIi4_Vc4NvraYdgrSICRPS7URzAC4bNJIopFt9_l47JIg_yF00EfWhj0pQlVjHftzoYQj52S6MtM158r0QRTtIxcpK_JUXJOnkcE/s1600/Slide11.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: D:\bedah umum\rest sapi\burley5.gif"
style='width:186.75pt;height:178.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.gif"
o:title="burley5"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hewan
tersebut lalu digulingkan dan kaki belakangnya di sisi yang berlawanan diikat
dengan ujung tali casting yang tadi. Hal tersebut juga dilakukan pada kaki
depan, sehingga hewan tersebut kemudian benar-benar terkendali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Squeese methode</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan metode standar casting untuk
sapi. Membebankan pada titik-titik berat tubuh dari sapi. Langkah-langkah untuk
cara ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXaWImKgHqv88FUXBn1LMTEPspLGmKOHkYxFjNrmiqA5jYZHt2tJKmLMwK3hyheFleCMYSncQ1L4Jofe0YfhGZ4s-vbOtxNtJIGthG4O9jTH9TCJyIA8ZkVHYs0rYSeis9pNjM4QFTSSA/s1600/Slide12.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXaWImKgHqv88FUXBn1LMTEPspLGmKOHkYxFjNrmiqA5jYZHt2tJKmLMwK3hyheFleCMYSncQ1L4Jofe0YfhGZ4s-vbOtxNtJIGthG4O9jTH9TCJyIA8ZkVHYs0rYSeis9pNjM4QFTSSA/s1600/Slide12.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: D:\bedah umum\rest sapi\ropesq1.gif"
style='width:180.75pt;height:246pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.png"
o:title="ropesq1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat lingkaran di
sekitar leher sapi menggunakan simpul bowline ditempatkan seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam gambar<b>.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 64.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: D:\bedah umum\rest sapi\ropesq2.gif"
style='width:234pt;height:217.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Simamora\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.png"
o:title="ropesq2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lempar ujung tali di punggung ke sisi yang berlawanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencapai bawah sapi, mengambilnya sebuah
membawanya ke seluruh tubuh dan di bawah bagian berdiri tali dekat bowline
untuk membentuk setengah halangan tepat di belakang bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan melempar akhir atas punggung sapi
lagi, membuat setengah halangan lain hanya dalam dari ambing. Menarik tali akan
memaksa sapi untuk berbaring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>KESIMPULAN</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sapi merupakan hewan ternak yang sering dijumpai dan secara umum
banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Beberapa jenis sapi seperti Sapi Bali yang memiliki
keturunan Banteng, harus dikendalikan atau direstrain agar mudah dikendalikan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Restrain adalah
menghalangi gerak atau aksi dari hewan sapi sehingga dapat menghindari atau mengurangi
bahaya untuk dokter hewan, asisten maupun sapi itu sendiri. Jenis dari restrain
terdiri dari 3 tipe dasar, yaitu sebagai berikut ; Restrain Perilaku (Behavioral
Restraining), Restrain Kimia (Chemical Restraining), Restrain Fisik (Physical
Restraining).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain restrain ada
cara lain untuk mengendalikan sapi yaitu dengan casting. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Casting
adalah cara merebahkan hewan untuk tindakan medis dan pembedahan. Untuk casting
pada sapi bisa menggunakan tali yang dililit kebagian ektremitas caudal dari
arah punggung kemudian ke arah abdomen dan ditarik secara berlahan maka sapi
akan rebah secara perlahan. Casting pada sapi terdapat dua metode, yaitu Burley
Rope dan Squeese methode.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</b></div>
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<a href="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/RESTR/castrest.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/RESTR/castrest.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(23 Februari 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/49751981/RESTRAIN-DAN-CASTING#scribd"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/49751981/RESTRAIN-DAN-CASTING#scribd</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(23 Februari 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://khairulrizalvet.blogspot.com/2014/03/cara-restrain-sapi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://khairulrizalvet.blogspot.com/2014/03/cara-restrain-sapi.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(23 Februari 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indarjulianto,
S. Raharjo, Slamet. Widiyono, Irkham. 2011. <i>Diagnosa
Klinik Veteriner</i>. Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-11502392574278310422015-01-24T22:54:00.001-08:002015-01-24T22:54:15.881-08:00SARUEDI SIMAMORA: PATOLOGI VETERINER SISTEMIK - PATOLOGI SISTEM REPR...<a href="http://saruedisimamorae.blogspot.com/2014/12/patologi-veteriner-sistemik-patologi.html?spref=bl">SARUEDI SIMAMORA: PATOLOGI VETERINER SISTEMIK - PATOLOGI SISTEM REPR...</a>: PATOLOGI SISTEM REPRODUKSI HEWAN Drh. I Ketut Eli Supartika, M.Sc., APVet Balai Besar Veteriner Denpasar Jl Raya Sesetan No. 266,...Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-1221863750688954122014-12-24T06:30:00.001-08:002014-12-24T06:30:18.355-08:00Daftar Kegiatan Katolik Se Indonesia: Jadwal Misa Natal 2014 & Tahun Baru 2015 Gereja Ka...<a href="http://kegiatankatolik.blogspot.com/2014/12/jadwal-misa-natal-2014-tahun-baru-2015.html?spref=bl">Daftar Kegiatan Katolik Se Indonesia: Jadwal Misa Natal 2014 & Tahun Baru 2015 Gereja Ka...</a>: (MOHON DITAMBAHKAN JADWALNYA) KEUSKUPAN BANDUNG Paroki Buah Batu- Hati Tak Bernoda St. Perawan Maria 24 Des: 15.00, 18.00, 21.00...Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-43362483568748205072014-12-03T03:36:00.000-08:002015-01-25T00:17:38.470-08:00GAMBARAN PATOLOGI ANATOMI BRUCELLOSIS<div class="WordSection1">
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOLOGI SISTEMIK VETERINER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GAMBARAN PATOLOGI
ANATOMI BRUCELLOSIS</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Erena Hajar Kartika </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1209005064<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agatha Serena Tobing </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1209005066<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">R.A.C Noorputri A S </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1209005067<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://saruedisimamorae.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Saruedi Simamora </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://saruedisimamorae.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">1209005068</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bianca Violanda Junus 1209005069<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I Made Wira Diana Putra </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1209005085<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I. B. Agung Dimas Kusuma Darma </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1209005087<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.fkh.unud.ac.id/" target="_blank">FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN<o:p></o:p></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.fkh.unud.ac.id/" target="_blank">UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DENPASAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2014<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji dan Syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha
Kuasa karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan paper ini
tepat pada waktunya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paper
ini bertujuan membantu mahasiswa Kedokteran Hewan untuk lebih mendalami
dan mengetahui tentang Patologi Anatomi Brucellosis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada
pihak-pihak yang telah mendukung dan membantu dalam penyelesaian paper
ini.Penulis juga mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari pembaca untuk
menyempurnakan paper ini.Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terimakasih.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Denpasar, 29 November
2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">COVER................................................................................................................. i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................... ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................ iii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................... iv<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">............................................................................................... 1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.......................................................................................... 1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">............................................................................................................ 1</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.......................................................................................................... 2</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epidemiologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">................................................................................................. 2</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gejala Klinis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.................................................................................................. 4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Banding </span>........................................................................................ 8<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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KESIMPULAN ................................................................................................... 10<o:p></o:p></div>
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA........................................................................................... 11<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR GAMBAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Gambar 1 abortus pada sapi.................................................................................. 6<o:p></o:p></div>
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Gambar 2 lesi di testis domba yang disebabkan B.
Ovis...................................... 7<o:p></o:p></div>
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Gambar 3 epidimititis dan orchititis...................................................................... 7<o:p></o:p></div>
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Gambar 4 Orchitis pada anjing disebabkan B. Canis............................................ 8<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brucellosis merupakan penyakit bakterial yang utamanya
menginfeksi sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, dan babi.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit ini juga dapat menyerang
berbagai jenis hewan lainnya dan ditularkan ke manusia atau bersifat zoonosis.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada hewan betina, penyakit ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menyebabkan
terjadinya</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
aborsi dan retensi plasenta, sedangkan pada jantan dapat menyebabkan orchitis
dan infeksi kelenjar a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sesorius.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brucellosis pada manusia dikenal
sebagai undulant fever karena menyebabkan demam yang undulans atau naik-turun.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Indonesia, Brucellosis paling
umum ditemukan pada ternak sapi dan sering dikenal sebagai penyakit Keluron
Menular. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agen penyebab brucellosis pertama kali diisolasi oleh Bruce
pada tahun 1887 dari manusia.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat itu bakteri temuannya
disebut Micrococcus melitensis, namun kemudian dikenal sebagai Brucella
melitensis.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1897, Bang dan Stribolt mengisolasi bakteri
serupa, yaitu Brucella abortus, dari sapi yang menderita penyakit Keluron
Menular.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun tingkat kematian akibat brucellosis adalah kecil,
namun penyakit ini sangat penting secara ekonomi.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada ternak secara umum, kerugian
yang paling nyata adalah aborsi, stillbirth, dan kemajiran, baik sementara
maupun permanen. Pada ternak perah, selain kegagalan kebuntingan penyakit ini
juga mengakibatkan penurunan produksi susu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana Patologi Anatomi terhadap
penyakit Brucellosis pada hewan?<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui Patologi Anatomi
penyakit Brucellosis pada hewan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc404253539"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></a><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tinjauan Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Definisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brucellosis merupakan penyakit bakterial yang utamanya
menginfeksi sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, dan babi.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis
disebabkan oleh bakteri genus Brucella. Brucella merupakan bakteri gram negatif
berbentuk batang dengan panjang 0,5 – 2,0 mikron dan lebar 0,4 – 0,8 mikron.
Bakteri ini non-motil, tidak berspora, dan bersifat aerob.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucella merupakan
parasit intraseluler fakultatif.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
lingkungan yang hangat dan lembab seperti di Indonesia, bakteri Brucella dapat
bertahan hingga berbulan-bulan di lingkungan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucella memiliki 2
jenis antigen, yaitu antigen M dan antigen A. Brucella melitensis memiliki
lebih banyak antigen M dibandingkan antigen A, sedangkan B. abortus dan B. suis
sebaliknya. Brucella mempunya antigen bersama (common antigen) dengan beberapa
bakteri lainnya seperti Campylobacter fetus dan Yersinia enterocolobacter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Epidemiologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis
umumnya menginfeksi sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, dan babi. Brucellosis pada
sapi dan kerbau utamanya disebabkan oleh Brucella abortus, namun infeksi oleh
B. suis dan B melitensis juga kadang dapat ditemukan. Pada babi, brucellosis
disebabkan oleh Brucella suis. Brucellosis pada kambing dan domba disebabkan
oleh B. melitensis dan B. ovis, sedangkan pada kuda oleh B. abortus dan B.
suis. Pada anjing, brucellosis utamanya disebabkan oleh B. canis, bila
ditemukan infeksi oleh B. abortus, B. suis, atau B. melitensis maka hal
tersebut umumnya berkaitan dengan adanya infeksi brucellosis pada ternak di
sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara penularan<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis ditularkan melalui ingesti bakteri
yang terdapat dalam susu, fetus abortus, membran fetus, dan cairan uterus atau
kopulasi dan inseminasi buatan. Pada sapi jantan, bakteri ini dapat ditemukan
dalam semen yang dihasilkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada domba, brucellosis juga diketahui dapat ditularkan antar domba
jantan melalui kontak langsung. Infeksi biasanya tahan lama pada domba jantan
dan B. ovis akan diekskresikan dalam persentasi yang tinggi secara intermiten
selama kira-kira 4 tahun.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis dapat ditularkan ke manusia melalui konsumsi susu segar dan
produk susu dari hewan yang terinfeksi atau kontak langsung dengan sekresi,
ekskresi, dan bagian tubuh hewan yang terinfeksi, seperti jaringan, darah,
urin, cairan vagina, fetus abortus, dan plasenta.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h5>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejadian di dunia dan Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis tersebar secara luas di seluruh
dunia.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar negara maju sudah berhasil mengendalikan penyakit pada
ternak dan hewan kesayangan, namun masih kesulitan mengeradikasi brucellosis
pada populasi satwa liar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya ada satu negara yang berhasil membebaskan diri dari brucellosis,
yaitu Irlandia pada Juli 2009.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia pada tahun 1953. Sejak
itu reaktor brucellosis telah ditemukan secara luas di pulau-pulau besar di
Indonesia, seperti Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Pulau Timor,
kecuali Bali. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h5>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 2002, pulau Bali dinyatakan bebas
historis penyakit brucellosis melalui Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No.
443/Kpts/TN.540/7/2002, sementara pulau Lombok, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat,
dinyatakan bebas penyakit brucellosis melalui program pemberantasan dalam
Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 444/Kpts/TN.540/7/2002. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h5>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di tahun 2009, Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Riau,
Jambi, dan Kepulauan Riau dinyatakan bebas dari penyakit brucellosis pada sapi
dan kerbau melalui Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 2541/Kpts/PD.610/6/2009 dan
pulau Kalimantan juga dinyatakan bebas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dari penyakit brucellosis pada sapi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan kerbau melalui Keputusan Menteri
Pertanian No. 2540/Kpts/PD.610/6/2009.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h5>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Risiko<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa faktor risiko penyebaran brucellosis
adalah pemasukan hewan terinfeksi atau carrier ke dalam peternakan, lingkungan,
kandang, dan peralatan yang teinfeksi, serta manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sapi</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aborsi adalah
adalah gejala utama brucellosis pada sapi betina. Infeksi juga dapat
menyebabkan kelahiran pedet yang lemah (stillbirth), retensi plasenta, dan
penurunan produksi susu. Pada sapi jantan, infeksi dapat terjadi pada vesikula,
ampula, testis dan epididimis.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Testis
juga dapat mengalami abses.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
yang menahun dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya arthritis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Domba dan Kambing</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
brucellosis pada kambing dan infeksi B. melitensis pada domba menyebabkan
gejala yang mirip dengan sapi. Namun, infeksi B. ovis menghasilkan gejala
penyakit yang spesifik untuk domba, hewan jantan akan menderita epididimitis
dan orchitis yang akan sangat mempengaruhi fertilitasnya.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada hewan betina,
penyakit ini biasanya menyebabkan aborsi pada kebuntingan umur 4 bulan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu dapat juga
ditemukan placentitis serta kematian perinatal.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pejantan, kelainan
pertama yang mungkin terdeteksi adalah penurunan kualitas semen yang
dihasilkan, dimana banyak terkandung sel-sel radang dan mikroorganisme.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kambing jantan dapat
menderita arthritis dan orchitis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anjing</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gejala
utama adalah aborsi pada trimester terakhir kebuntingan yang biasanya diikuti
dengan keluarnya cairan dari vagina yang berkepanjangan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Anjing yang terinfeksi dapat mengalami
limfadenitis dan pada jantan seringkali terjadi pula epididimitis,
periorchitis, dan rostatitis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gejala
klinis brucellosis pada babi mirip dengan gejala pada sapi dan kambing.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gejala yang umum muncul adalah aborsi,
sterilitas sementara atau permanen, orchitis, kepincangan, paralisis posterior,
spondylities, dan terkadang dapat juga terjadi metritis dan pembentukan abses
pada ekstrimitas atau bagian lain dari tubuh.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kejadian aborsi dapat berkisar antara 0 – 80% dan
dapat terjadi pada awal kebuntingan sehingga tidak terdeteksi. Hewan yang
demikian akan segera kembali ke siklus estrusnya. Timbulnya sterilitas adalah
umum dan itu dapat menjadi satu-satunya gejala klinis yang timbul. Oleh karena
itu, bila ada sterilitas dalam sekelompok hewan maka brucellosis akan menjadi
kecurigaan utama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuda</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada
kuda, gejala utama yang paling umum ditemukan adalah bursitis suppuratif.
Keadaan ini dikenal juga sebagai fistulous withers atau poll evil. Terkadang,
aborsi juga dapat ditemukan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">2.4.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b> <span lang="EN-US">Patologi Anatomi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sapi</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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o:title="gejala-brucellosis abortus cow" cropleft="22814f"/>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD19d35S5TcnEiXlVqyx3ODbBYdTyd9EEKCe4fjXaTnCBH6pe2kATPMGdHyT8ylAkUFimCwPY-VPnGWWirWy5qU_uI5E6OtgPck3472Hwb6E4MSBpv4eNO81vNmrruaLXRRGyUb_BeUF8/s1600/Slide1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD19d35S5TcnEiXlVqyx3ODbBYdTyd9EEKCe4fjXaTnCBH6pe2kATPMGdHyT8ylAkUFimCwPY-VPnGWWirWy5qU_uI5E6OtgPck3472Hwb6E4MSBpv4eNO81vNmrruaLXRRGyUb_BeUF8/s1600/Slide1.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Gambar 1 abortus pada sapi<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Fetus aborsi dapat tampak normal, mengalami autolisis, atau oedema
subkutan dan cairan serosanguineus dalam rongga tubuhnya.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Limpa dan/atau
hati dapat mengalami pembesaran dan pada paru-paru dapat ditemukan pneumonia
dan pleuritis fibrous.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Kejadian aborsi fetus pada betina terinfeksi umumnya disertai dengan
plasentitis, dimana kotiledon dapat tampak merah, kuning, normal, atau nekrotik.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Daerah
interkotiledon dapat tampak basah dengan penebalan fokal.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat juga
ditemukan eksudat pada permukaannya.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Lesio purulen hingga granulomatosa dapat ditemukan pada saluran
reproduksi jantan maupun betina, kelenjar mamae, limfonodus supramamari,
jaringan limfoid lainnya, tulang, sendi, serta jaringan dan organ lain.
Endometritis ringan hingga berat dapat ditemukan setelah kejadian aborsi dan
pada hewan jantan dapat ditemukan epididimitis dan/atau orchitis unilateral
atau bilateral.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Higroma juga dapat ditemukan pada sendi karpalis, lutut, tarsalis,
serta antara ligamentum nuchae dan os vertebrae thoracic pertama.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Domba</span></div>
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<i>Gambar 2
lesi di testis domba yang disebabkan B. ovis<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Manifestasi utama penyakit pada jantan adalah lesio pada epididimis,
tunika dan testis.Pada betina utamanya terjadi placentitis dan aborsi, selain
itu dapat juga terjadi mortalitas perinatal pada anak domba.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Lesio dapat
terbentuk dengan cepat.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Pembesaran epididimis dapat bersifat unilateral atau
bilateral.Pembesaran lebih sering terjadi pada cauda epididimis dibandingkan
caput atau corpus dan lesio yang paling jelas adalah terbentuknya spermatocele
dengan berbagai ukuran yang mengandung cairan spermatik.Seringkali tunika
menebal dan menjadi fibrous serta mengalami pelekatan.Testis dapat mengalami
atropi fibrous, lesi yang demikian umumnya bersifat permanen.Dalam beberapa
kasus, lesionya bersifat sangat jelas, namun ada juga kasus-kasus dimana
bakterinya ada dalam semen dalam jangka waktu yang lama tanpa menunjukkan
gejala klinis.Karena tidak semua pejantan terinfeksi mempunyai kelainan jelas
pada jaringan scrotalnya dan tidak semua kasus epididimitis adalah karena brucellosis,
maka perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Kambing</span></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<i>Gambar 3 epidimititis dan orchititis<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Pada jantan dapat ditemukan epididimitis dan orchitis.Dapat
ditemukan pembesaran epididimis unilateral atau bilateral dengan bagian kauda
lebih sering mengalami kelainan dibandingkan kaput atau korpus.Dalam testis
dapat terjadi atrofi fibrous.Tunika vaginalis menebal dan fibrous dan dapat
terjadi perlekatan.Pada betina terinfeksi terkadang dapat ditemukan
plasentitis.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Anjing</span></div>
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<i>Gambar 4 Orchitis pada anjing disebabkan B. canis<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Fetus aborsi seringkali ditemukan mengalami autolisis sebagian dan
memiliki tanda-tanda infeksi bakterial secara umum.Lesio pada fetus dapat
berupa oedema subkutan, kongesti dan hemoragi subkutan pada daerah abdominal,
cairan periotneal serosanguineus, dan lesio degeneratif pada hati, limpa,
ginjal, dan usus.Pada anjing dewasa umumnya ditemukan pembesaran limfonodus,
seringkali pada limfonodus retrofaringeal dan inguinal, namun limfadenitis
secara umum juga dapat terjadi.Limpa seringkali ditemukan membengkak dan dapat
memiliki konsistensi yang padat dan nodular.Dapat juga ditemukan hepatomegali.Pada
jantan terinfeksi dapat ditemukan pula oedema scrotalis, dermatitis scrotalis,
epididimitis, orchitis, prostatitis, atrofi testis, dan fibrosis testis.Pada
betina dapat ditemukan metritis dan eksudat dari vagina.Pada beberapa kasus
dapat juga ditemukan diskospondilitis, meningitis, ensephalitis fokal
non-suppuratif, osteomyelitis, uveitis, dan abses dalam berbagai organ dalam.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US">2.5.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b> <span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa Banding <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sapi</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa banding brucellosis pada sapi adalah penyakit lain yang
dapat menyebabkan aborsi atau epididimitis dan orchitis, seperti
trichomoniasis, vibriosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis dan mikosis.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Domba dan Kambing</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa banding brucellosis pada kambing dan domba adalah penyakit
lain yang dapat menyebabkan aborsi pada ruminansia kecil, terutama chlamydiosis
dan coxiellosis atau penyakit lain yang dapat menyebabkan epididimitis dan
orchitis, seperti Actinobacillus seminis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, Histophilus
ovis, Haemophilus spp., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis, dan
Chlamydophila abortus. Lesio akibat trauma juga perlu dipertimbangkan.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Anjing</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa banding brucellosis pada anjing diantaranya beta-hemolytic
streptococci, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Streptomyces,
Salmonella, Campylobacter, canine herpesvirus, Neospora caninum dan Toxoplasma
gondii.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Babi</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Diagnosa banding brucellosis pada babi adalah penyakit lain yang
menyebabkan aborsi, orchitis, arthritis, paralisis posterior, dan kepincangan.
Aborsi di babi dapat juga disebabkan oleh Aujeszky’s disease (pseudorabies),
leptospirosis, erysipelas, salmonellosis, streptococcidiosis, classical swine
fever and porcine parvovirus infection.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brucellosis merupakan penyakit bakterial yang utamanya
menginfeksi sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, dan babi.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit ini juga dapat menyerang
berbagai jenis hewan lainnya dan ditularkan ke manusia atau bersifat zoonosis.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada hewan betina, penyakit ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menyebabkan
terjadinya</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
aborsi dan retensi plasenta, sedangkan pada jantan dapat menyebabkan orchitis
dan infeksi kelenjar a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sesorius.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brucellosis pada manusia dikenal
sebagai undulant fever karena menyebabkan demam yang undulans atau naik-turun.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Indonesia, Brucellosis paling
umum ditemukan pada ternak sapi dan sering dikenal sebagai penyakit Keluron
Menular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis ditularkan melalui ingesti bakteri yang terdapat dalam susu,
fetus abortus, membran fetus, dan cairan uterus atau kopulasi dan inseminasi
buatan. Pada sapi jantan, bakteri ini dapat ditemukan dalam semen yang
dihasilkan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada domba, brucellosis juga diketahui dapat ditularkan antar domba
jantan melalui kontak langsung. Infeksi biasanya tahan lama pada domba jantan
dan B. ovis akan diekskresikan dalam persentasi yang tinggi secara intermiten
selama kira-kira 4 tahun.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brucellosis dapat ditularkan ke manusia melalui konsumsi susu segar dan
produk susu dari hewan yang terinfeksi atau kontak langsung dengan sekresi,
ekskresi, dan bagian tubuh hewan yang terinfeksi, seperti jaringan, darah,
urin, cairan vagina, fetus abortus, dan plasenta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH), Insititute for
Interational Cooperation in Animal Biologics (IICAB), World Animal Health
Organizatino (OIE), 2007. Brucellosis [Online] <a href="http://www.cfsph.iastate/">http://www.cfsph.iastate</a>.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">edu/Factsheets/pdfs/brucellosis.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan. 2004. Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam
Pemberantasan Brucellosis di Indonesia Khususnya Pulau Jawa. Disampaikan pada
Pertemuan Evaluasi Pemberantasan Brucellosis di Surabaya 10-11 Desember 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2010. Surveillance of
Porcine Brucellosis [Online] http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4723e/y4723e09.htm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. Brucellosis in Dogs: Introduction
[Online] http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/112200.htm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. Brucellosis in Large Animals [Online]
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/toc_110500.htm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-21617764426052429412014-12-01T05:20:00.000-08:002014-12-01T05:20:15.226-08:00PATOLOGI VETERINER SISTEMIK - PATOLOGI SISTEM REPRODUKSI HEWAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PATOLOGI SISTEM
REPRODUKSI HEWAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i>Drh. I Ketut Eli Supartika, M.Sc., APVet<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<b>Balai Besar Veteriner Denpasar<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Jl Raya Sesetan No. 266, Denpasar,
Bali<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Sistem reproduksi sangat penting artinya bagi kelanjutan generasi hewan. Penyebab
gangguan sistem reproduksi pada hewan sangat komplek (virus, bakteri, jamur,
protozoa, tumor, hormonal, nutrisi, dll). Untuk itu penanganan kasus kegagalan
reproduksi pada hewan mesti ditangani secara menyeluruh dari berbagai aspek
baik aspek epidemiologi penyakit, gejala klinis, patologi dan didukung oleh hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada tulisan ini dibahas secara ringkas gambaran patologi (Patologi Anatomi
dan Histopatologi) sistem reproduksi hewan yang sering dijumpai pada
kasus-kasus di lapangan untuk memudahkan diagnosa penyakit yang terkait dengan
sistem reproduksi hewan<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>A. Patologi reproduksi hewan betina.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Alat kelamin primer : ovarium (membentuk ova dan hormon)<o:p></o:p></div>
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Alat kelamin skunder ( oviduk, uterus, servik, vagina, vulva)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>1. Ovarium dan salpinx.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Radang pada ovarium (ovariitis) dan salpinx (salpingitis) disebabkan
oleh kuman yang bersirkulasi secara
hematogen dan juga infeksi ikutan dari radang peritonium.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kista ovari sering ditemukan pada sapi dan kuda. Kebanyakan kista ini
bersifat kongenital dan juga akibat defisiensi nutrisi. Tangkai kista dapat
membelit kolon sehingga dapat menimbulkan kolik. Di lain pihak, kista folikel
yang menetap dapat menimbulkan <b><i>nimfomania</i></b> (perpanjangan estrus)
misalnya pada sapi dan anjing. Kista semacam ini dapat menimbulkan pyometra.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Salpingitis penting artinya bagi reproduksi hewan betina. Sebab salpingitis
dapat mengakibatkan lumen oviduk tertutup sehingga ovum tidak sampai di uterus
yang dapat mengakibatkan majir. Disamping itu eksudat radang pada salpinx dapat
membunuh spermatozoa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berdasarkan jenis eksudatnya, salpingitis dapat dibedakan menjadi: <b><i>salpingitis
kataralis</i></b> yang disebabkan oleh kuman stapilococcus dan streptococcus
dan <b><i>salpingitis
purulenta</i></b> (pyosalpinx) yang disebabkan oleh kuman pyogenes (pembentuk
nanah). Gambaran patologi lain yang dijumpai pada salpinx adalah: <b><i>hidrosalpinx</i></b>
yaitu kista yang terbentuk di dalam salpinx yang berisi cairan bening.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>2. Uterus.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Torsio uteri</b>: uterus terpuntir. Penyebabnya adalah penggantung
uterus tidak kuat atau akibat isi lambung/usus yang berlebihan. Gambaran
patologi anatomi yang dijumpai pada
torsio uteri adalah: terjadingan pembendungan/kongesti uterus yang sangat jelas
terlihat. Mukosa uterus berwarna merah kehitaman dan membengkak. Bagian yang
terpuntir sangat anemik. Bagian serosa juga berwarna merah kehitaman.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Ruptur uteri</b>: penyebabnya adalah adanya kontraksi uterus yang
sangat hebat, faktor mekanik, dan juga akibat distokia. Gambaran patologi
anatomi ruptur uteri adalah: daerah serosa uterus terlihat suram kelabu
kekuningan. Lumen uterus ditutupi oleh masa yang berwarna putih.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Metrorrhagia </b>(perdarahan di dalam uterus). Penyebabnya adalah
lesi traumatik pada saat hewan melahirkan.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Radang uterus.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Radang uterus dapat dibagi menjadi 4 bagian sesuai dengan lokasi lesi
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1. Endometritis
: bila radang dijumpai pada lamina mukosa sampai ke lamina propria.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2. Metritis:
bila radang uterus meluas sampai ke lamina muskularis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3. Perimetritis:
bila radang dijumpai pada bagian serosa dan subserosa uterus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4. Parametritis : radang yang melibatkan uterus
dan jaringan sekitarnya, terutama penggantung uterus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penyebab radang uterus dapat berupa kuman-kuman yang berasal dari bagian
lain alat reproduksi (vagina, kandung kemih, dll), kuman komensal yang
ditemukan di dalam uterus seperti: <i>Streptococcus
sp</i>, kuman-kuman pyogenes. Perubahan hormonal, misalnya saat hewan birahi
juga dapat menimbulkan peradangan pada uterus. Faktor mekanik sesudah beranak
juga bisa menyebabkan radang uterus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Gambaran patologi anatomi yang dapat diamati pada radang uterus adalah:
uterus membengkak, selaput lendirnya berwarna kemerahan dan berisi eksudat.
Sedangkan pada pengamatan mikroskopik (histopatologi) sel-sel radang dapat
ditemukan pada lamina propria mukosa. Pada radang yang bersifat akut sela
radang utamanya adalah sel-sel limfositik, sel plasma dan histiosit.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Diagnosa endometritis pada hewan yang masih hidup dapat dilakukan dengan
pemeriksaan biopsi mukosa uterus secara : histopatologi dan bakteriologi.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>3. Pyometra.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Yakni tertimbunnya nanah di dalam uterus yang disebabkan oleh flora normal
yang hidup di uterus menjadi patogen akibat pengaruh hormonal. Pyometra sering
dijumpai pada sapi dan anjing.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Gambaran patologi anatomi yang dijumpai pada kasus pyometra adalah: uterus
terlihat menbengkak berisi banyak nanah pada mukosanya (tidak berbau), selaput
lendir uterus sangat kasar karena terjadi hiperplasia pada lamina mukosa
uterus. Secara histopatologi epitel mukosa uterus mengalami erosi, didalam
mukosa banyak diinfiltrasi oleh sel-sel neutrofil dan limfosit.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pyometra dapat menyebabkan kematian akibat infeksi sekunder dan juga
askibat intoksikasi atau septisemia yang berasal dari uterus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>4. Tumor pada uterus.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jarang ditemukan. Kadang-kadang ditemukan karsinoma pada dinding uterus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>5. Vagina dan vulva.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelainan-kelainan yang sering ditemukan pada vagina dan vulva adalah
vaginitis yang disebabkan oleh berbagai hal antara lain: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1. Traumatik
sata partus. Nekrosis akibat luka
traumatik dapat menimbulkan radang yang meluas ke daerah sekitarnya bahkan dapat
menimbulkan peritonitis. Hewan dapat mati karena mengalami peritonitis akibat
resorpsi dari toksin.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2.
Vaginitis juga dapat disebabkan oleh kuman-kuman seperti: <i>Brucella sp</i>, <i>Vibrio foetus</i>, <i>Trichomonas
fetus</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b>Tumor pada vagina dan vulva.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tumor yang sering dijumpai pada vagina dan vulva terutama pada anjing
adalah venereal sarcoma. Tumor ini menyerang semua jenis ras anjing yang
biasanya dijumpai pada anjing-anjing yang sudah dewasa. Tumor bersifat soliter
atau multiple seperti bunga kol berupa nodul dengan ukuran kecil sampai
beberapa cm yang dijumpai pada bagian posterior vagina. Secara histopatologi
dijumpai sel-sel tumor berupa sel-sel limfositik berbentuk ovoid, polihedral.
Bentuk dan ukuran sel sama (uniform). Tumor membentuk stroma. Gambaran mitosis
sering dijumpai.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>B. Patologi reproduksi hewan jantan.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Skrotum (kulit pembungkus testis)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kulit skrotum lebih tipis dibandingkan dengan kulit tubuh lainnya. Radang
pada skrotum (Dermatitis skrotalis) sering disebabkan oleh: <i>Dermathopilus congolensis</i>, jamur dan
ektoparasit (eg. <i>Chorioptes sp</i>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tunika vaginalis merupakan lapisan dalam dari skrotum. Radang tunika
vaginalis merupakan ikutan dari penyakit TBC, limfadenitis kaseosa, juga dapat
disebabkan oleh penyakit Bruselosis, Trypanosomiasis (Surra), periorchitis dan
epididimitis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>2. Penis dan prepusium.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kastrasi yang terlalu dini dapat menyebabkan hipoplasia pada penis dan
prepusium. Radang pada glands penis (<i>balanitis</i>),
prepusium <i>(postthitis</i>), penis dan
prepusium (<i>balanoposthitis</i>).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penyebab balanoposthitis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
1. Herpes virus<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
2. <i>Corynebacterium renale</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3. <i>Haemophilus sunnus</i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4. Fungi/Clamidia<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
5. Protozoa<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis-Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV)/Herpes virus</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Gambaran patologi anatomi: penis dan prepusium terlihat membengkak, edema,
akumulasi nanah berwarna putih kebiruan. Glands penis mengalami erosi dan
ulserasi. Secara histopatologi: dijumpai nekrosis epitel disertai infiltrasi
sel-sel neutrofil dan limfosit pada daerah radang.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Ulserativ posthitis</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Penyebabnya adalah akibat ekskresi urine yang kaya dengan kandungan urea
disertai dengan infeksi kuman <i>Corynebacterium
renale</i>. Secara makroskopik (PA) daerah radang terlihat berwarna kekuningan.
Epidermis mengalami nekrosis disertai ulserasi. Pada infeksi skunder, prepusium
nampak membengkak berisi urine dan nanah.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>3. Tumor pada penis dan prepusium</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1. <b>Fibropapilloma
</b>pada sapi: menyerang glands penis sapi yang berumur antara 1-2 tahun. Tumor
berbentuk multiple dengan diameter beberapa cm serta berwarna pink. Secara
histopatologi gamabran mitosis sangat jelas terlihat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2. <b>Squamus
cell papilloma</b> pada kuda: Tumor jinak. Daerah tumor mengalami keratinisasi.
Sel tumor kebanyakan berupa sel-sel limfoplasmasitik.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3. <b>Venereal
sarcoma</b> pada anjing: tumor dijumpai pada bagian prepusium, bersifat
multiple atau single dengan diameter beberapa cm. Secara histopatologi sel-sel
tumor bentuknya polyhedral, uniform, dengan gambaran mitosis yang sangat jelas.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b>4. Testes.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Hipoplasia testes</b> : <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dapat menimbulkan kemajiran. Salah satu testes atau keduanya lebih kecil
dari normal dan terasa lebih keras. Tergantung pada derjata hipoplasianya,
hewan yang mengalami hipoplasia testes masih dapat menurunkan keturunan
walaupun vertilitasnya kurang.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Secara histopatologi hipoplasia testes dapat mengakibatkan terganggunya
tubuli semeniferi, aspermatogenesis sehingga sperma tidak terbentuk. Tubuli
semeniferi dilapisi oleh beberpa lapisan epitel lembaga.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Cryptorchyd</b>: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Yaitu tidak turunnya testes ke rongga skrotum. Penyebabnya faktor keturunan.
Bisa bersifat unilateral atau bilateral. Kebanyakan kasus bersifat unilateral.
Kejadian cryptochyd berkisar antara 1-10%. Tempat terjadinya cryptorchyd
mungkin di kanalis inguinalis atau subkutan pada cincin inguinalis eksternal.
Secara patologi anatomi testes nampak kecil, konsistensinya keras. Secara
histopatologi ditemukan adanya fibrosis dan hipoplasia pada tunika albugenia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Orchitis:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Yaitu radang pada testes. Secara umum disebabkan oleh: <i>Streptococcus sp</i>, <i>Spatphylococcus
sp</i>, <i>Corynebacterium pyogenes</i>, <i>E. Coli</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
1. <b>Orchitis interstisialis</b> : gambaran PA
tidak jelas, namun secara histopatologi terlihat adanya infiltrasi sel-sel
limfosit pada buluh semeniferi, tubulus rekti dan duktus efferensia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2<b>. Orchitis intertubuler</b> :
gambaran PA tidak jelas. Gambaran histopatologinya adalah terlihat adanya reaaksi
granulomatosa dengan infiltrasi sel-sel neutrofil, limfosit dan sel-sel datia
pada tubuli semeniferi. Sel Sartoli mengalami hiperplasia dan kalsifikasi. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3. <b>Orchitis nekrotikan</b>. Penyebabnya adalah
infeksi penyakit Brusellosis, traumatik, iskemia. Periorchitis yang bersifat
kronis dapat menimbulkan gangguan suplai darah sehingga terjadi nekrosis.
Secara histopatologi dijumpai adanya nekrosis koagulatif yang dibatasi oleh
sel-sel fibroblas (fibrosis) dengan infiltrasi sel-sel limfosit.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Acland, H. M. (1995). Reproduction System: Female; Male. In: Thomson’s
Special Veterinary Pathology. 2<sup>nd</sup> Ed. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830
Westline Industrial Drive. St. Louis, Missouri 63146. NY. pp. 512- 560. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jubb, K.V.F., Kennedy, P.C and Palmer, N. (1985). Pathology of Domestic
Animals. 3<sup>rd</sup> Ed. Vol. 3. Academic Press, Inc.1250 Sixth Avenue, San
Diego, California 92101. pp. 306-459.<o:p></o:p></div>
Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-68282708085898075272014-10-21T18:29:00.001-07:002014-10-21T18:29:26.407-07:00PARVOVIRUS PADA ANJING (CANINE PARVOVIRUS) DAN KUCING (FELINE PARVOVIRUS)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ETIOLOGI
DAN PATOGENESA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus dari golongan Parvoviridae. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parvovirus yang
menyerang </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjing" title="Anjing"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anjing</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah <i>Canine Parvovirus tipe 2</i> (CPV-2).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ras anjing yang sangat sensitif terhadap virus ini antara lain :
Rottweiler, Doberman Pincher dan German Shepherd.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedangkan
pada kucing disebut </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Feline
Parvovirus, Feline Infectous Enteritis (radang usus menular), feline distemper.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seperti halnya
distemper, penyakit ini tidak dapat diobati sehingga vaksinasi merupakan
alternatif yang terbaik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Patogenesis
Feline Parvovirus : </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Virus masuk ke
tubuh kucing biasanya melalui mulut, berkembang di kelenjar pertahanan di
bagian mulut, lalu menyebar ke seluruh tubuh. Kemudian virus akan berkembang di
beberapa organ seperti kelenjar pertahanan seluruh tubuh, sumsum tulang dan
selaput lendir usus yang menyebabkan hancurnya usus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pathogenesis Canine
Parvovirus : </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Canine Parvovirus (CPV) sangat berhubungan erat dengan Feline Panleukopenia
Virus dan beberapa jenis parvovirus lainnya yang menginfeksi carnivora.Virus
ini membalah secara aktif dalam tubuh hewan.Setelah masuknya virus ini secara
ingesti dalam kurun waktu 2-4 hari akan terjadi periode viremia yang bersamaan
dengan bertumbuhnya virus pada jaringan limfatik.Infeksi limfatik pada awalnya
dihubungkan dengan linpopenia dan infeksi pencernaan yang diikuti oleh tanda-tanda
klinis.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada
hari ke-3 setelah infeksi akan ditemukan pembelahan pada crypta sel pada
lapisan epitel dinding usus halus.Virus sudah dapat ditemukan didalam feses
pada hari ke 3-4 setelah terinfeksi sampai ditemukannya gejala-gejala
klinis.Virus akan berhenti tumbuh pada hari ke 8-12.Absorpsi endotoxin bakteri
dari mukosa usus yang rusak memainkan peranan yang paling penting dalam
penyebaran penyakit ini.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
T</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ingkat
keparahan penyakit ini tergantung pada dosis viral serta tipe antigenic yang
dihasilkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GEJALA KLINIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gejala Klinis Pada
Anjing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gejala klinis infeksi CPV-2 pada anak anjing yaitu </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diare" title="Diare"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diare</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
cair atau diare berdarah, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muntah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Muntah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">muntah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
secara berulang, dan </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoreksia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anoreksia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anoreksia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Gejala klinis lainnya yaitu </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demam" title="Demam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">demam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
kelemahan tubuh, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limfopenia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Limfopenia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">limfopenia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
terutama </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutropenia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Neutropenia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">neutropenia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Hewan juga mengalami </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehidrasi" title="Dehidrasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dehidrasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
penurunan berat badan, dan rasa sakit di bagian abdominal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gejala Klinis Pada Kucing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kucing yang terinfeksi
virus panleucopenia akan mengalami anemia, muntah-muntah dan diare yang parah
pada kucing nafsu makan yang mengakibatkan dehidrasi dan kematian.
Kadang-kadang anak kucing dapat mati secara tiba tiba yang diakibatkan
perkembangan penyakit panleukopenia sangat cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DIAGNOSA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diagnosa Parvo Virus dapat dilakukan dengan melihat gejala klinis nya, atau
yang lebih modern adalah dengan memakai kit diagnostik parvo dengan sample dari
kotoran/feses anjing. Adapun test yang dapat dilakukan untuk pengujian sampel
ini antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Urinalisis
dan biokomia ditemukan adanya limpopenia, neutropenia, leucosis, g</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ambaran kimia serum
membantu memperkirakan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Test serologis tidak terlalu diagnostik karena
anjing kadang-kadang memiliki titer antibodi yang tinggi karena vaksinasi
atau antibodi maternal.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diagnosa
banding untuk Canine Parvovirus adalah : Infeksi Canine Coronavirus</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, Salmonellosis, collibasillosis, dan
infeksi bakteri enteric lainnya, </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">adanya benda asing dalam saluran pencernaan, parasit
gastrointestinal, gastroenteritis hemoragi, keracunan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun diagnosa virus
panleukopenia diberdasarkan riwayat dan pemeriksaan klinis. Pemeriksaan
patologi dan pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menentukan diagnosa pasti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diagnosa banding untuk
panleukopenia (Feline Parvovirus) adalah : Felv, E.colli, Salmonella, Tyzzer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PENGOBATAN DAN PENCEGAHAN</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terapi infeksi Parvo virus meliputi terapi simptomatis dan supportif.
Terapi supportif berupa pamberian infus diperlukan mengingat hewan kehilangan
elektrolit tubuh akibat diare dan muntah.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penggantian cairan yang hilang dilakukan dengan
memberikan infus Lactat Ringer dan 5 % Dextrose. Antibiotik yang dapat
digunakan adalah antibiotik spektrum luas di antaranya Ampicillin dan
Gentamicin. Antibiotik ini bertujuan untuk mencegah infeksi skunder akibat
kondisi hewan yang lemah. Anti muntah dan vitamin juga dapat diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berikut
ini adalah beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah infeksi Parvo Virus
pada anjing:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membeli
anjing yang telah divaksin terhadap Parvo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Induk
anjing sebelum dipacak harus dilengkapi vaksinasinya, agar anakan mendapat
maternal immunity yang cukup dari air susu induknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lingkungan tempat tinggal anjing harus selalu dijaga
kebersihannya.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9px;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nutrisi dan gizi untuk anak anjing harus diperhatikan
untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuhnya.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.75pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Anakan anjing berusia di bawah 3 bulan sebaiknya tidak
kontak dengan anjing lain yang belum jelas status kesehatannya.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kucing
yang terserang penyakit Virus panleukopenia dapat diberikan cairan elektrolit.
Sedangkan untuk mengobati infeksi sekunder dapat diobati dengan pemberian
gentamisin dan pemberian vitamin B complex.
Pencegahan Virus panleukopenia yaitu dengan melakukan vaksinasi secara
teratur, anak kucing dapat divaksinasi pada umur 8-16 minggu dengan interval 4
minggu. Setelah itu vaksinasi dianjurkan diulang setiap tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada kucing dewasa atau
berumur lebih dari 6 bulan yang belum pernah divaksinasi, vaksinasi bisa
dilakukan tiap tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sumber : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indrawati Sendow. 2003. <i>CANINE PARVOVIRUS </i>PADA
ANJING<b>. </b>Balai Penelitian
Veteriner, PO Box 151, Bogor 16114.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://www.critters360.com/index.php/feline-parvo-in-cats-causes-signs-and-treatment-13478/#sourcesAndCitations">www.cats.org.uk/catcare/leaflets/VET19-FelineParvovirus.pdf</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-43292535798834859322014-10-20T20:54:00.001-07:002014-10-20T20:54:51.619-07:00Veterinary E-Books<a href="http://www.vetcvas.com/2014/10/small-animal-soft-tissue-surgery-self.html?spref=bl">Veterinary E-Books: Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery Self-Assessment C...</a>: Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery Self-Assessment Color Review Second Edition By Kelley Thieman Mankin Presented in a question-and-a...<a href="http://www.vetcvas.com/" target="_blank">www.vetcvas.com</a>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-11660000000277918342014-10-10T18:19:00.001-07:002014-10-10T18:19:18.138-07:00Distemper pada Anjing<a href="http://meeevet.blogspot.com/2012/08/distemper-pada-anjing.html?spref=bl">Meee Vet: Distemper pada Anjing</a>: Canine Distemper merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada anjing yang dapat menyebabkan kematian yang cukup tinggi . Tingkat kematian...Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-60815738678751913702014-10-01T07:24:00.001-07:002014-10-01T07:24:17.694-07:00Your Smille My Life: VIRUS JEMBRANA<a href="http://yudhiestar.blogspot.com/2009/10/virus-jembrana.html?spref=bl">Your Smille My Life: VIRUS JEMBRANA</a>: JEMBRANA Virus Penyakit Jembrana (Jembrana Disease Virus) adalah lentivirus dengan genom RNA rantai tunggal (7.732 basa). Virus ini menyer...Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-13412069997366564642014-09-22T19:04:00.000-07:002014-09-22T19:04:06.854-07:00PATOGENESIS DIABETES MELITUS<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu kelainan
metabolisme karbohidrat yang disebabkan oleh terjadinya kerusakan pada sel-sel
pulau langerhans dalam kelenjar pankreas, sehingga hormon insulin disekresikan
dalam jumlah yang sedikit, atau tidak sama sekali (Versby, 1994). Diabetes
mellitus (DM) dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu penyakit atau gangguan
metabolisme kronis dengan multi etiologi yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar
gula darah disertai dengan gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat, lipid dan protein
sebagai akibat insufisiensi fungsi insulin. Insufisiensi fungsi insulin dapat
disebabkan oleh gangguan atau defisiensi produksi insulin oleh sel-sel beta
Langerhans kelenjar pankreas, atau disebabkan oleh kurang responsifnya sel-sel
tubuh terhadap insulin. Jika kekurangan produksi insulin atau terdapat
resistensi insulin maka kadar glukosa dalam darah akan meninggi (melebihi nilai
normal). Insulin adalah suatu zat yang dihasilkan oleh sel beta pankreas.
Insulin diperlukan agar glukosa dapat memasuki sel tubuh, di mana gula tersebut
kemudian dipergunakan sebagai sumber energi. Jika tidak ada insulin, atau
jumlah insulin tidak memadai, atau jika insulin tersebut cacat , maka glukosa
tidak dapat memasuki sel dan tetap berada di darah dalam jumlah besar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit diabetes melitus atau kencing manis
disebabkan oleh multifaktor, keturunan merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab.
Selain keturunan masih diperlukan faktor-faktor lain yang disebut faktor
pencetus, misalnya adanya infeksi virus tertentu, pola makan yang tidak sehat,
stres, makan obat-obatan yang dapat meningkatkan kadar gula darah dan
sebagainya. Diabetes melitus juga dapat disebabkan oleh terjadinya penurunan
sensitifitas reseptor hormon insulin pada sel target (Bierman, 1985). Melitus seringkali menimbulkan komplikasi
pada berbagai organ tubuh jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat. Hal ini berkaitan
dengan kadar gula darah yang tinggi dalam jangka waktu lama, sehingga berakibat
rusaknya pembuluh darah, saraf, dan struktur internal lainnya (Clark dan Ferry,
1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PATOGENESIS
DIABETES MELITUS</span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIABETES
MELITUS TIPE 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DM tipe 1
berkembang sebagai akibat dari faktor genetik, lingkungan, dan faktor imunologi
yang menghancurkan sel-sel β pancreas. DM tipe ini sangat bergantung dengan
terapi insulin karena jika tidak mendapatkan insulin, penderita akan mengalami
komplikasi metabolik serius berupa ketoasidosis dan koma. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi utama
hormon insulin dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah secara alami dengan cara : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
jumlah gula yang disimpan di dalam hati.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merangsang
sel-sel tubuh agar menyerap gula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencegah
hati mengeluarkan terlalu banyak gula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
insulin berkurang, kadar gula di dalam darah akan meningkat. Gula dalam darah
berasal dari makanan yang diolah secara kimiawi oleh hati. Sebagian gula
disimpan dan sebagian lagi digunakan untuk tenaga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disinilah fungsi
hormon insulin sebagai “stabilizer” alami terhadap kadar glukosa dalam darah.
Jika terjadi gangguan sekresi (produksi) hormon insulin ataupun terjadi
gangguan pada proses penyerapan hormon insulin pada sel-sel darah, maka potensi
terjadinya diabetes melitus sangat besar sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Genetik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
studi yang ada, didapatkan berbagai gen yang dapat memicu timbulnya DM tipe 1.
Gen yang paling berpengaruh adalah lokus HLA pada kromosom 6p21 yaitu sekitar
50% penderita DM tipe 1 memiliki HLA-DR3 atau HLA-DR4 <i>haplotype</i>. Beberapa gen non-HLA yang dapat memicu timbulnya DM tipe
1 adalah insulin dengan </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">variable number of tandem repeats</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (VNTRs) pada region promoter.
Polimorfisme dari CTLA4 dan PTPN22 menganggu fungsi aktivitasnya sebagai
inhibitor respon sel T dapat memicu proses autoimun pada DM tipe 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Autoimmunitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara sekian
banyak jenis sel pankreas, hanya sel β yang dihancurkan oleh sistem imun.
Walaupun demikian tipe sel islet lain seperti sel α</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang memproduksi
glukagon, sel δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang
memproduksi somatostatin, dan sel PP yang memproduksi polipeptida pankreas,
masih berfungsi. Terlebih lagi, secara embriologi sel-sel islet lain tersebut
mirip dengan sel β dan juga mengekspresikan protein yang sebagian besar sama
dengan sel β. Sel β peka terhadap efek toksik dari beberapa sitokin seperti <i>Tumor Necrosis Factor</i> α (TNF α),
interferonγ, dan interleukin-1(IL-1). Mekanisme dari proses kematian sel β
belum diketahui dengan pasti, namun proses ini dipengaruhi oleh pembentukkan
metabolit <i>nitric oxide</i> (NO),
apoptosis, dan sitotoksisitas dari sel T CD8+</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar dari
abnormalitas imun pada DM tipe 1 adalah kegagalan dari <i>self-tolerance</i> sel T. Kegagalan toleransi ini dapat disebabkan oleh
defek delesi klonal pada sel T <i>self-reactive</i>
pada timus, defek pada fungsi regulator atau resistensi sel T efektor terhadap
supresi sel regulator. Hal – hal tersebut membuat sel T autoreaktif bertahan
dan siap untuk berespon terhadap <i>self-antigens</i>.
Aktivasi awal dari sel tersebut terjadi pada nodus limfe peripankreatik sebagai
respon terhadap antigen yang dilepaskan dari sel Pulau Langerhans yang rusak.
Sel T yang teraktivasi bergerak ke pancreas → merusak sel β. Populasi sel T yang dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan tersebut adalah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T<sub>H</sub>1 cells (merusak dengan mensekresi sitokin =
including IFN-γ and TNF) dan CD8+ CTLs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel islet
pankreas yang menjadi target autoimun antara lain adalah <i>Islet cell autoantibodies</i> (ICA) yang merupakan suatu komposisi dari
beberapa antibodi yang spesifik pada molekul sel islet pankreas seperti insulin,
<i>glutamic acid decarboxylase</i> (GAD),
ICA-512/IA-2 (homolog tirosin-fosfatase), dan <i>phogrin</i> (protein granul yang mensekresi insulin). Sehingga antigen
tersebut merupakan marker dari proses autoimun DM tipe 1<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="4-u1.0-B978-1-4377-0792-2..50029-8--f30"></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai faktor
lingkungan sering dikaitkan dengan DM, namun tidak satupun pernah terbukti
benar-benar berpengaruh. Faktor yang diduga memicu DM antara lain meliputi
virus (<i>coxsackie B, mumps,
cytomegalovirus dan rubella</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
3 hipotesis yang menjelaskan bagaimana virus dapat menimbulkan DM tipe 1 :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akibat
infeksi virus → inflamasi serta kerusakan sel Pulau Langerhans → pelepasan
antigen sel β dan aktivasi sel T autoreaktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Virus
memproduksi protein yang mirip dengan antigen sel β sehingga memicu respon imun
yang juga beraksi dengan sel β pada pancreas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi
virus terdahulu yang menetap pada jaringan Pankreas kemudian terjadi reinfeksi
dengan virus yang sama yang memiliki epitop antigenic yang sama → memicu respon
imun pada sel Pulau Langerhans<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari ketiga hipotesis tersebut belum ada
yang dapat menjelaskan secara pasti pathogenesis infeksi virus terhadap
timbulnya DM tipe 1. Vaksinasi pada anak tidak ada hubungannya dengan timbulnya
DM tipe 1. 2 Faktor lain yang dapat memicu DM tipe 1 adalah protein susu bovine
dan komponen nitrosurea</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIABETES
MELITUS TIPE 2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistensi
insulin dan sekresi insulin yang tidak normal menjadi kunci dari berkembangnya
DM tipe 2. Obesitas, terutama tipe sentral, sering ditemukan pada penderita DM
tipe 2. Pada tahap awal, toleransi glukosa hampir normal karena sel-sel B
pankreas mengkompensasi dengan meningkatkan produksi insulin. Ketika resistensi
insulin dan hiperinsulinemia kompensatorik terus terjadi, pankreas tidak mampu
mempertahankan keadaan hiperinsulinemia tersebut. Akibatnya, terjadi gangguan
toleransi glukosa, yang ditandai dengan peningkatan glukosa darah setelah
makan. Setelah itu, penurunan sekresi insulin dan peningkatan produksi glukosa
hati berlanjut pada diabetes berat dengan hiperglikemia saat puasa dan
kegagalan sel beta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan studi terbaru dikatakan
bahwa dalam timbulnya DM tipe 2 terdapat pengaruh faktor genetik yaitu <i>transcription
factor 7–like-2 (TCF7L2)</i> pada kromosom 10q yang mengkode faktor transkripsi
pada WNT signaling pathway.
Berbeda dengan DM tipe 1 penyakit ini tidak berhubungan dengan gen yang
mengatur toleransi dan regulasi imun seperti HLA, CTLA4, dan lain-lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
4 karakteristik penyebab DM tipe 2, yaitu resistensi insulin, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ber</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kurangnya sekresi
insulin, dan meni</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gkatnya
produksi glukosa hati, dan metabolisme lemak yang abnormal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistensi
Insulin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistensi insulin adalah resistensi
terhadap efek insulin pada <i>uptake</i>,
metabolisme, dan penyimpanan glukosa. Hal tersebut dapat terjadi akibat defek
genetik dan obesitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurunnya kemampuan insulin untuk berfungsi dengan efektif
pada jaringan perifer merupakan gambaran DM tipe 2. Mekanisme resistensi
insulin umumnya disebabkan oleh </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">gangguan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
pascareseptor insulin. Polimorfisme pada IRS-1 berhubungan dengan intoleransi
glukosa dan meningkatkan kemungkinan bahwa polimorfisme dari berbagai molekul
pascareseptor dapat berkombinasi dan memunculkan keadaan yang resisten terhadap
insulin. Resistensi insulin terjadi akibat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">gangguan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
persinyalan PI-3-kinase yang mengurangi translokasi <i>glucose transporter</i> (GLUT) 4 ke membran plasma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
3 hal yang berperan dalam resistensi insulin terkait obesitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
lemak bebas (<i>free fatty acids</i>/FFA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
trigliserida intraselular dan produk metabolisme asam lemak menurunkan efek insulin
yang berlanjut pada resistensi insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adipokin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leptin
dan adiponektin meningkatkan kepekaan insulin, sedangkan resistin meningkatkan
resistensi insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PPAR</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(<i>peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor gamma</i>) dan TZD (<i>thiazolidinediones</i>). PPAR</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
merupakan reseptor intrasel yang meningkatkan kepekaan insulin. TZD merupakan
antioksidan (antidiabetik) yang mampu berikatan dengan PPAR</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
sehingga menurunkan resistensi insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar B-2. Hubungan
Obesitas dengan Resistensi Insulin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
ini merupakan table berisi hal – hal yang dapat menurunkan respon terhadap
insulin</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Factors Reducing Response to Insulin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 415.35pt;" valign="top" width="554">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 547px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 2.25pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prereceptor inhibitors: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin
antibodies<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Receptor inhibitors: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin
receptor autoantibodies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Down-regulation"
of receptors by hyperinsulinism:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.4pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Primary
hyperinsulinism (B cell adenoma)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 63.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hyperinsulinism,
secondary to a postreceptor defect (obesity, Cushing's syndrome,
acromegaly, pregnancy) or prolonged hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus,
post-glucose tolerance test)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.15pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Postreceptor influences: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 42.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: silver; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 42.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poor
responsiveness of principal target organs: obesity, hepatic disease, muscle
inactivity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.35pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hormonal
excess: glucocorticoids, growth hormone, oral contraceptive agents,
progesterone, human chorionic somatomammotropin, catecholamines, thyroxine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 67.5pt right 468.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
Sekresi Insulin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeQygC5rdxMLs_h3OuWcSpmLGGMf28P50MaUG8F6BUijks-F-g6VAoGFUGiaEHr01D6nylzb8OwSoVoyKLFpZb17ZuUHiFKVxdtlmgkd8CdY3udZV9dT3cSxMgZdIZW2naqZ_SCwsxeM8/s1600/DM3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeQygC5rdxMLs_h3OuWcSpmLGGMf28P50MaUG8F6BUijks-F-g6VAoGFUGiaEHr01D6nylzb8OwSoVoyKLFpZb17ZuUHiFKVxdtlmgkd8CdY3udZV9dT3cSxMgZdIZW2naqZ_SCwsxeM8/s1600/DM3.JPG" height="320" width="291" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar Progres Timbulnya DM</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="43"></td>
</tr>
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<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekresi
insulin dan sensitivitasnya saling berhubungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada DM tipe 2, sekresi insulin meningkat
sebagai respon terhadap resistensi insulin untuk mempertahankan toleransi
glukosa. Namun, lama kelamaan sel beta kelelahan mem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">produksi insulin
sehingga terjadi kegagalan sel β. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegagalan
sel β ini tidak terjadi pada semua penderita DM tipe 2 sehingga diduga ada
pengaruh faktor intrinsik berupa faktor genetik yaitu gen diabetogenik TCF7L2. Polipeptida
amiloid pada pulau Langerhans (amilin) disekresikan oleh sel beta dan membentuk
deposit fibriler amiloid pada pankreas penderita DM tipe 2 jangka panjang.
Diduga bahwa amiloid ini bersifat sitotoksik terhadap sel sehingga massa sel β berkurang.
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa disfungsi yang terjadi dapat bersifat kualitatif (sel
beta tidak mampu mempertahankan hiperinsulinemia) atau kuantitatif (populasi
sel beta berkurang). Kedua hal tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh toksisitas
glukosa dan lipotoksisitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
Produksi Glukosa Hati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika tubuh
semakin resisten terhadap insulin, kadar gula darah yang tinggi akan memaksa
tubuh mensekresikan insulin secara terus menerus ke dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sirkulasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> darah
(hiperinsulinemia). Pada keadaan normal, seharusnya hal ini dapat membuat
glukosa dikonversi menjadi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">glikogen dan
kolesterol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Akan tetapi, pada pasien DM yang
resisten terhadap insulin, hal ini tidak terjadi dan sebaliknya ketiadaan
respon terhadap insulin mengakibatkan hati terus menerus memproduksi glukosa
(glukoneogenesis). Hal ini pada akhirnya akan berujung pada terjadinya
hiperglikemia. Produksi gula hati baru akan terus meningkat akibat terjadinya
ketidaknormalan sekresi insulin dan munculnya resistensi insulin di otot rangka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abnormalitas
Metabolik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abnormalitas
metabolisme otot dan lemak</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resistensi
insulin bersifat relatif karena hiperinsulinemia dapat menormalkan kadar gula
darah. Akibat resistensi insulin, penggunaan glukosa oleh jaringan sensitif
insulin berkurang, sedangkan <i>hepatic
glucose output</i> bertambah sehingga menyebabkan hiperglikemia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akumulasi lipid
dalam serat otot rangka, yang mengganggu fosforilasi oksidatif dan penurunan
produksi ATP mitokondria yang dirangsang insulin, menghasilkan <i>reactive oxygen species</i> (ROS), seperti
lipid peroksida. Peningkatan massa adiposit meningkatkan kadar asam lemak bebas
dan produk adiposit lainnya. Selain mengatur berat badan, nafsu makan, dan <i>energy expenditure</i>, adipokin mengatur
sensitivitas insulin. Peningkatan produksi asam lemak bebas dan beberapa
adipokin menyebabkan resistensi insulin pada otot rangka dan hati. Misalnya,
asam lemak bebas mengurangi penggunaan glukosa pada otot rangka, merangsang
produksi glukosa dari hati, dan mengganggu fungsi sel beta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di sisi lain,
produksi adiponektin berkurang pada obesitas dan menyebabkan resistensi insulin
hepatik. Adiponektin memegang peranan penting dalam resistensi insulin yang
dihubungkan dengan struktur molekul dan mekanisme kerjanya yaitu menurunkan
kandungan trigliserida, mengaktivasi PPAR-α dan AMP-Kinase. Kadar adponektin
yang rendah merupakan salah satu faktor risiko dan prediktor terjadinya
diabetes melitus tipe </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
itu, beberapa produk adiposit dan adipokin merangsang inflamasi sehingga terjadi
peningkatan IL-6 dan C-<i>reactive</i> <i>protein</i> pada DM tipe 2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
produksi glukosa dan lipid hati<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada DM tipe 2,
resistensi insulin pada hati menggambarkan kegagalan hiperinsulinemia untuk
menekan glukoneogenesis sehingga terjadi hiperglikemia saat puasa dan penurunan
penyimpanan glikogen hati setelah makan.<sup>1</sup> Peningkatan produksi
glukosa hati terjadi pada tahap awal diabetes, setelah terjadi abnormalitas
sekresi insulin dan resistensi insulin pada otot rangka. Akibatnya, banyak asam
lemak bebas keluar dari adiposit sehingga terjadi peningkatan sintesis lipid
(VLDL dan trigliserida) dalam hepatosit. Penyimpanan lipid (steatosis) dalam
hati dapat berlanjut pada penyakit perlemakan hati nonalkoholik dan
abnormalitas fungsi hati. Selain itu, keadaan tersebut menyebabkan dislipidemia
pada penderita DM tipe 2, yaitu peningkatan trigliserida, peningkatan LDL, dan
penurunan HDL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fauci,
et al. Harrison's : Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th edition. USA :
McGraw-Hill, inc.,2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">German
MS, Masharani U. Pancreatic hormones and diabetes mellitus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Greenspan’s basic and
clinical endocrinology. Edisi ke-8. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maitra
A, Abbas AK. The endocrine system. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of
Disease. Edisi ke-7. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umar
H, Adam J. Low Adiponectin Levels and The Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The
Indonesian Journal of Medical Science Volume 2. 2009 Januari (1) : 56-60.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-50559572888972303942014-08-22T18:03:00.001-07:002014-08-22T18:03:32.053-07:00Jason Mraz - Yes! - Full Album | 07/2014<iframe width="480" height="270" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/qp9xtFgvxiU" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-67820372251430465802014-07-24T00:17:00.002-07:002014-07-24T00:17:46.259-07:00MANAJEMEN REPRODUKSI BABI<div class="Section1">
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TUGAS
MANAJEMEN DAN PENYAKIT BABI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANAJEMEN
REPRODUKSI BABI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik_uUnq7_K2iYGp3g0b1amYsLps77i-ZH10wwJ9Imii_ruWH5KZ58ZTOjJCVwl5eoyYcISRQn3L8PRhmOWtC1Vcdwjwwcug3n1ckyCG5IIw-jCE4dIZpC4pbqkqxZoSU6oUGP6gxgeryY/s1600/Untitled-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik_uUnq7_K2iYGp3g0b1amYsLps77i-ZH10wwJ9Imii_ruWH5KZ58ZTOjJCVwl5eoyYcISRQn3L8PRhmOWtC1Vcdwjwwcug3n1ckyCG5IIw-jCE4dIZpC4pbqkqxZoSU6oUGP6gxgeryY/s1600/Untitled-1.png" height="195" width="200" /></a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agatha Serena L. Tobing NIM: 1209005066<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RA. C. Noorputri
NIM: 1209005067<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://saruedisimamorae.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Saruedi Simamora </a> NIM:
1209005068<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bianca Violanda Junus NIM:
1209005069<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I Made Wira Diana Putra NIM: 1209005085<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://fkh.unud.ac.id/" target="_blank">FAKULTAS KEDOKTRANHEWAN</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://unud.ac.id/" target="_blank">UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DENPASAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2014<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084175"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji dan syukur
kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berkat-Nya</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang diberikan kepada penulis, sehingga penulis
dapat menyelesaian </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">makalah</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini dengan baik dan
tepat pada waktunya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun judul makalah ini
berjudul </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajemen
Reproduksi Babi</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Penulis membahas
tentang</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> manajemen reproduksi babi yang meliputi
pubertas, estrus, perkawinan, kebuntingan,kelahiran, laktasi dan efisiensi
reproduksi</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis menyadari bahwa </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">paper</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini belum sempurna, namun penulis
merasa gembira dan bangga apabila tulisan ini berguna dan bermanfaat bagi
pembaca dan dengan kerendahan hati penulis mengharapkan segala kritik dan saran
yang membangun demi penyempurnaan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">paper </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ini. Akhir kata
penulis mengucapkan terimakasih. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Denpasar, April 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<div class="Section3">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.1</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084178 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100370038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.2</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084179 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100370039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.3</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084180 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.4 Manfaat</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084181 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">BAB II TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084182 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.1.</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pubertas</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084183 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.2.</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Siklus Birahi (Estrus)</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084184 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.3.</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Perkawinan</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084185 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.4.</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kebuntingan dan Kelahiran</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084186 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.5.</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Laktasi</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084187 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">22<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">BAB III PENUTUP</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084188 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">24<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.1.</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084189 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">24<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100380039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390084191 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">25<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000380034003100390031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
</w:sdt></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084177"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I </span></b></a><b><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084178"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latar Belakang</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peternakan
Babi di Indonesia sejak zaman
kemerdekaan sampai saat ini sudah semakin berkembang dan telah mencapai
kemajuan yang cukup pesat. Perkembangan peternakan khususnya ternak babi ke
arah peternakan komersial sudah ditata sejak puluhan tahun yang lalu, bahkan
pada saat ini peternakan Babi di Indonesia sudah banyak yang bersekala
industri. Perkembangan ini tentu saja harus diimbangi dengan pengelolaan yang
profesional dan disertai dengan tata laksana yang baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanpa
pengelolaan dan tata laksana yang baik, produksi ternak yang akan dihasilkan
tidak akan sesuai dengan harapan, bahkan peternak bisa mengalami kerugian.
Sehingga di harapkan Peternak atau segenap pelaku usaha di bidang peternakan
haruslah mengelola dengan baik Sapta peternakan khususnya, karena Sapta
peternakan merupakan landasan kita untuk mengembangkan dunia peternakan. Sapta
peternakan itu meliputi : bibit, pakan, kandang, pencegahan penyakit,
reproduksi, pemasaran dan pasca panen. Manajemen Reproduksi babi merupakan
suatu pola pemeliharaan yang harus dilakukan oleh peternak, meliputi pubertas,
siklus birahi(estrus), perkawinan, kebuntingan, kelahiran, dan masa laktasi
serta efisiensi reproduksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo15; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084179"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat pubertas?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat estrus?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat perkawinan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat kebuntingan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat kelahiran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat laktasi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana manejemen reproduksi babi
pada saat efisiensi reproduksi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo15; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084180"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen pubertas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen estrus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3 3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen perkawinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4 4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen
kebuntingan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5 5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen kelahiran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6 6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7 7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui manajemen efisiensi
reproduksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084181"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.4 Manfaat</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini
bermanfaat untuk menambah referensi bacaan bagi mahasiswa Kedokteran Hewan dan
khalayak umum yang menempuh bidang peternakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084182"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II </span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084183">Pubertas</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pubertas adalah periode saat organ-organ
reproduksi babi pertama kali berfungsi dan menghasilkan telur atau sperma
dewasa. Umur saat pubertas dicapai
berlainan antara bangsa-bangsa ternak dan juga antara anak babi yang
kelahirannya sama. Faktor-faktor hormonal
yang berperan untuk merangsang pubertas pada babi jantan dan babi betina belum
banyak diketahui. Organ utama yang
mengontrol munculnya pubertas adalah kelenjar pituitary yang letaknya di dasar
otak. Kelenjar ini menghasilkan dua
hormone, yaitu FSH dan LH yang merangsang testis dan ovarium. FSH, LH dan Testosteron yang dihasilkan dalam
testis adalah yang bertanggung jawab untuk meningkatkan perkembangan dan
pemasakan sel-sel sperma pada jantan.
Seekor babi jantan akan mencapai pubertas pada umur 5- 6 bulan meskipun
tidak digunakan sampai mencapai umur 7- 8 bulan dan hanya sebagai pejantan
serap. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon FSH mengakibatkan pertumbuhan dan
pemasakan sel-sel telur yang banyak terpendam dalam ovarium. Hormon LH merangsang pelepasan telur-telur
dari folikel. Pubertas/birahi pada babi dara muncul pada umur 5-6
bulan dengan rata-rata bobot badan 70-110 kg akan tetapi tidak
dikawinkan sebelum umur 8 bulan atau pada periode estrus/birahi yang
ketiga hal ini berguna untuk produksi anak yang lebih banyak dan lama hidup
induk lebih panjang. Agar diperoleh anak
yang lebih banyak maka induk dikawinkan pada 12 – 24 jam setelah tanda
estrus/birahi. Estrus atau birahi pada
induk babi adalah karena aktifitas dari hormon estrogen yang dihasilkan oleh
ovarium, kejadian ini terjadi selama 3 – 4 hari dengan perubahan tingkah laku
seperti suka mengganggu pejantan, kegelisahan meningkat, menaiki betina lainnya
dan nafsu makan menurun serta mengeluarkan suara yang khas, kalau ditekan atau
diduduki punggungnya diam saja, vulva yang membengkak dan memerah serta lendir
keruh dan mengental muncul, bila tanda tanda ini terlihat berarti babi betina
tersebut siap kawin. Dalam praktek
dengan dua kali perkawinan yaitu 12 dan 24 jam setelah tanda estrus dimulai
supaya ovum banyak dibuahi dan jumlah anak (litter size tinggi). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbagai faktor berpengaruh terhadap
munculnya pubertas pada babi betina.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Genetis<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi
betina Landrace mencapai pubertas lebih dini daripada babi betina
Hampshire, Yorkshire dan Duroc, yang
diamati dari banyaknya yang birahi pada umur 6 bulan. Babi betina hasil persilangan juga mencapai
pubertas yang lebih dini daripada babi betina murni.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Makanan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan
yang baik pada saat pertumbuhan akan mempercepat terjadinya pubertas dan
sebaliknya makanan yang kurang saat pertumbuhan akan memperlambat pubertas.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Musim<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
Negara-negara subtropics babi betina lebih lama mencapai pubertas dibandingkan
daerah musim panas dan mungkin hal ini disebabkan oleh kondisi klimat yang
panas dan lembab.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Cahaya<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi
betina yang dipelihara terkurung dengan kegelapan yang komplet memperpanjang
umur pencapaian pubertas. Babi betina
yang dipilih untuk bibit seharusnya memperoleh cahaya 18 jam per hari, karena
cahaya yang lebih banyak akan mempercepat terjadinya pubertas<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Perkandangan <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi
betina yang dipelihara terkurung lebih lambat mencapai pubertas dari pada yang
dipelihara bebas. Babi betina yang dikandangkan atau ditambat individual juga
menunda pubertas dan menekan tanda-tanda birahi. Kebersihan dan kepadatan kandang juga
menetukan terhadap kejadian pubertas.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Pejantan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa introduksi pejantan ke sekelompok babi betina yang
sebelumnya tidak berkontak dengan pejantan, merangsang dan menyebabkan sebagian
babi betina tersebut berahi pada umur 4 bulan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084184">Siklus
Birahi (Estrus)</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus yang dikenal dengan istilah birahi yaitu suatu
periode secara psikologis maupun fisiologis pada hewan betina yang bersedia
menerima pejantan untuk kopulasi. Siklus estrus dibagi menjadi beberapa fase
yang dapat dibedakan dengan jelas yang disebut proestrus, estrus, metestrus dan
diestrus (Frandson, 1996).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus merupakan periode seksual yang sangat jelas
yang disebabkan oleh tingginya level estradiol, folikel de Graaf membesar dan
menjadi matang, uterus berkontraksi dan ovum mengalami perubahan kearah
pematangan. Metestrus adalah periode dimana korpus luteum bertambah cepat dari
sel-sel graulose folikel yang telah pecah dibawah pengaruh<i> Luteinizing
hormone</i> (LH) dari <i>adenohyphophysa. </i>Diestrus adalah
periode terlama dalam siklus estrus dimana korpus luteum menjadi matang dan
pengaruh progesterone terhadap saluran reproduksi menjadi nyata. Diestrus
adalah periode dimana folikel de Graaf bertumbuh dibawah pengaruh <i>follicle
stimulating hormone</i> (FSH) dan menghasilkan sejumlah estradiol
bertambah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus birahi pada setiap hewan berbeda antara satu
sama lain tergantung dari bangsa, umur, dan spesies (Partodiharjo, 1992).
Interval antara timbulnya satu periode berahi ke permulaan periode berikutnya
disebut sebagai suatu siklus berahi. Siklus berahi pada dasarnya dibagi menjadi
4 fase atau periode yaitu ; proestrus, estrus, metestrus, dan diestrus
(Marawali, dkk., 2001; Sonjaya, 2005). Berikut ini adalah keadaan korpus luteum
dan folikel pada ovarium sapi selama siklus estrus.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proestrus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proestrus adalah fase sebelum estrus yaitu periode
pada saat folikel de graaf tumbuh di bawah pengaruh FSH dan menghasilkan
sejumlah estradiol yang semakin bertambah (Marawali, <i>dkk,</i> 2001).
Estradiol meningkatkan jumlah suplai darah ke saluran alat kelamin dan
meningkatkan perkembangan estrus, vagina, tuba fallopi, folikel ovarium
(Toelihere, 1985).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase yang pertama kali dari
siklus estrus ini dianggap sebagai fase penumpukan atau pemantapan dimana folikel
ovarium yang berisi ovum membesar terutama karena meningkatnya cairan folikel
yang berisi cairan estrogenik. Estrogen yang diserap dari folikel ke dalam
aliran darah merangsang peningkatam vaskularisasi dan pertumbuhan sel genital
dalam persiapan untuk birahi dan kebuntingan yang terjadi (Frandson, 1992).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini akan terlihat
perubahan pada alat kelamin luar dan terjadi perubahan-perubahan tingkah laku
dimana hewan betina gelisah dan sering mengeluarkan suara-suara yang tidak
biasa terdengar (Partodiharjo, 1980).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus adalah periode yang
ditandai dengan penerimaan pejantan oleh hewan betina untuk berkopulasi. Pada
umumnya memperlihatkan tanda-tanda gelisah, nafsu makan turun atau hilang sama
sekali, menghampiri pejantan dan tidak lari bila pejantan menungganginya.
Menurut Frandson (1992), fase estrus ditandai dengan sapi yang berusaha dinaiki
oleh sapi pejantan, keluarnya cairan bening dari vulva dan peningkatan
sirkulasi sehingga tampak merah. Pada saat itu, keseimbangan hormon hipofisa
bergeser dari FSH ke LH yang mengakibatkan peningkatan LH, hormon ini akan
membantu terjadinya ovulasi dan pembentukan korpus luteum yang terlihat pada
masa sesudah estrus. Proses ovulasi akan diulang kembali secara teratur setiap
jangka waktu yang tetap yaitu satu siklus birahi. Pengamatan birahi pada ternak
sebaiknya dilakukan dua kali, yaitu pagi dan sore sehingga adanya birahi dapat
teramati dan tidak terlewatkan (Salisbury dan Vandenmark, 1978).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metestrus</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metestrus ditandai dengan
berhentinya puncak estrus dan bekas folikel setelah ovulasi mengecil dan
berhentinya pengeluaran lendir (Salisbury dan Vandenmark, 1978). Selama
metestrus, rongga yang ditinggalkan oleh pemecahan folikel mulai terisi dengan
darah. Darah membentuk struktur yang disebut korpus hemoragikum. Setelah
sekitar 5 hari, korpus hemoragikum mulai berubah menjadi jaringan luteal,
menghasilkan korpus luteum atau Cl. Fase ini sebagian besar berada dibawah
pengaruh progesteron yang dihasilkan oleh korpus luteum (Frandson, 1992). Progesteron
menghambat sekeresi FSH oleh pituitari anterior sehingga menghambat pertumbuhan
folikel ovarium dan mencegah terjadinya estrus. Pada masa ini terjadi ovulasi,
kurang lebih 10-12 jam sesudah estrus, kira-kira 24 sampai 48 jam sesudah
birahi.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diestrus</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diestrus adalah periode terakhir
dan terlama pada siklus berahi, korpus luteum menjadi matang dan pengaruh
progesteron terhadap saluran reproduksi menjadi nyata (Marawali, dkk, 2001).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ovulasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses ovulasi dapat
didefinisikan terlemparnya cairan folikel serta ovum ke rongga peritoneal
disekitar inpendibullum oviduk atau tuba uterin. Kebanyakan hewan mamalia,
ovulasi sangat berkaitan dengan birahi (estrus) karena absorbsi sejumlah besar
estrogen ke dalam aliran darah terjadi sesaat sebelum ovulasi (Frandson, 1996).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Toelihere (1993) ovulasi
didefinisikan sebagai pelepasan ovum dari folikel de Graaf dan secara umum
dikenal bahwa ovulasi disimulir oleh LH, tetapi mekanisme yang sebenarnya tidak
diketahui, mungkin LH menyebabkan pengendoran dinding folikel sehingga
lapisan-lapisan pecah dan melepaskan ovum dan cairan folikel.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila tidak terjadi
fertilisasi, korpus luteum berregresi yang disebut korpus albican. Korpus
albican ini dimulai regresi 14-15 hari sesudah estrus. Namun jika terjadi
fertilisasi lalu kebuntingan korpus luteum akan terus bertahan selama
kebuntingan sebagai korpus luteum kebuntingan yanga menghasilkan hormon
progesteron untuk mempertahankan kebuntingan (Toelihere, 1993).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fisiologi Reproduksi Pada Babi Betina</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi adalah ternak mamalia yang
menghasilkan anak dalam jumlah besar sekaligus dengan interval generasi yang
lebih singkat dari pada domba, sapi, kerbau atau kuda. Sifat-sifat tersebut
membuat babi sebagai jenis ternak dengan potensi reproduksi yang tinggi untuk
produksi ternak komersial (Toelihere, 1993).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pubertas adalah periode saat
organ-organ reproduksi babi pertama kali berfungsi dan menghasilkan telur atau
sperma dewasa. Umur saat pubertas dicapai berlainan antara bangsa-bangsa ternak
dan juga antara anak babi sekelahiran (Sihombing, 1997). Pubertas terjadi
sebagai akibat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan lebih lanjut dari folikel-folikel
dan pembentukan hormon-hormon ovarial oleh folikel yang matang.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seekor babi betina mencapai
pubertas pada umur 5-8 bulan dan umur rata-rata yang dianjurkan untuk
perkawinan pertama adalah 8-10 bulan (Toelihere, 1993). Babi betina yang berahi
memperlihatkan suatu respon diam atau sikap kawin yang jelas apabila ditekan
punggungnya oleh pejantan. Respon ini sangat bermanfaat dalam deteksi bukan saja
permulaan birahi tetapi juga tingkatan birahi karena suatu sikap yang lebih
tenang dan kaku diperlihatkan selama pertengahan periode berahi (Toelihere,
1993).</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus etrus berlangsung
kira-kira 21 hari dan estrus sendiri berlangsung selama 3-5 hari (Smith dan
Mangkoewidjojo, 1988). Ada empat fase yang jelas dalam siklus berahi babi
yaitu:</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proestrus : terjadi sebelum
estrus dan terjadi selama 3-4 hari</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Estrus : berlangsung selama 2-3
hari dan pada periode tersebut betina memiliki seksual reseptif terhadap pejantan.
Periode ini biasanya lebih pendek pada babi dara dibandingkan babi induk. Pada
saat estrus akan terjadi ovulasi.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metestrus: terjadi setelah
ovulasi, corpus luteum terbentuk dalam setiap folikel yang pecah dalam waktu
6-8 hari.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diestrus: adalah waktu
inaktivitas yang pendek yang ditandai oleh penghancuran corpus luteum setelah
14 hari dari puncak berahi. Dalam 3-4 hari serombongan folikel baru mulai
berkembang dan siklus tadi akan terulang sendiri.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus estrus pada
babi<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Birahi pada babi
berlangsung 2 sampai 3 hari dengan variasi antara 1 sampai 4 hari. suatu
batasan yang nyata antara permulaan dan akhir estrus sulit ditentukan karena
estrus adalah suatu fenomena yang berlangsung gradual.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi betina yang
birahi memperlihatkan suatu respon diam atau sikap kawin yang jelas apabila
ditekan punggungnya baik oleh pejantan, oleh betina lain atau penunggu ternak.
Respon ini sangat bermanfaat dalam deteksi bukan saja permulaan birahi tetapi
juga tingkatan birahi karena suatu sikap yang lebih tenang dan kaku diperlihatkan
selama pertengahan periode birahi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ovulasi terjadi
selama estrus pada babi betina dan sebagian besar ova dilepaskan 38 sampai 42
jam sesudah permulaan estrus. Lama proses ovulasi adalah 3,8 jam. Ovulasi
terjadi kira-kira 4 jam lebih cepat pada betina yang sudah dikawinkan
dibandingkan dengan pada betina yang belum kawin.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus birahi pada
babi mencapai 19 sampai 23 hari, rata-rata 21 hari, dan relatif konstan. Estrus
terjadi sepanjang tahun. Corpora lutea bertumbuh sempurna dalam waktu 6-8 hari
dan, kalau hewan tidak bunting, beregresi kembali pada hari ke 14 sampai ke-16
siklus birahi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084185">Perkawinan</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya pada saat-saat birahi
saja, babi mau menerima pejantan atau dapat dikawinkan. Tanpa timbul birahi,
babi tidak dapat dipaksakan kawin. Oleh karena itu peternak secara cepat
mengetahui masa birahinya. Rata-rata interval tiap sesi proses yang
mempengaruhi fertilisasi babi adalah sebagai berikut:</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur saat pubertas :
4-7 (bulan) rata-rata 6 (bulan)</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lama birahi :
1-5 (hari) rata-rata 2-3 (hari)</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panjang siklus birahi :
18-24 (hari) rata-rata 21 (hari)</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui saat birahi
seekor babi secara tepat, kita perlu mengetahui tanda-tanda birahi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="background: white;">Tanda-tanda
birahi yang dapat ditemukan pada seekor babi adalah sebagai berikut :</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Babi nampak gelisah dan berteriak-teriak<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemaluan bengkak, pada vulva nampak merah, bagi babi induk
yang sudah sering beranak biasanya tak begitu nampak merah<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selalu mencoba menaiki temannya, atau ingin keluar dari
kandang<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila punggung diberi beban atau diduduki diam saja.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari kemaluan sering keluar lendir.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut penelitian, ovulasi
dimulai dengan terlepasnya sel telur dari indung telur 30-35 jam atau hari
kedua setelah gejalah birahi terlihat. Sedang sel jantan (sperma) yang ada
didalam vagina cervix akan saling bertemu pada saluran telur (oviduc) bagian
atas dekat ovarium.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam alat reproduksi
betina, sperma dapat hidup 24-48 jam. Dan untuk mencapai oviduc memerlukan
waktu 4-6 jam. Akan tetapi perlu diketahui bahwa ada sperma yang hidupnya lebih
pendek, kurang dari 24 jam setelah terjadi ovulasi dan tidak semua sel telur
bisa dibuahi. Jumlah sel telur bisa 12-16, yang masak bersama-sama dan bisa
dibuahi. Akan tetapi sering juga sampai 20 buah: sebaliknya, juga tidak jarang
hanya 3 atau 4 buah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Kita mengawinkan babi harus betul-betul tepat
pada waktunya, yakni babi dikawinkan pada hari kedua setelah nampak birahi.
Terkecuali babi dara (gilt) bisa dikawinkan pada hari pertama dari masa birahi.
Karena birahnya babi dara lebih pendek dibanding babi-babi yang pernah beranak.
Apabila babi yang sedang birahi itu tidak dikawinkan, birahi akan terulang
kembali pada 18 – 24 hari, atau rata-rata 3 minggu (21 hari)</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Khususnya untuk babi dara diperlukan perlakuan
khusus. Babi mulai baliq pada umur 5-6 bulan, sudah birahi tapi sebaiknya
jangan dikawinkan dulu, karena kedewasaan tubuh baru tercapai pada umur 8-10
bulan dengan berat badan + 100-120 kg.Untuk mencapai konsepsi (pembuahan) yang
tinggi hendaknya, babi itu dikawinkan 2 kali selama masa birahi. Babi yang baru
dikawinkan hendaknya ditempatkan tepisah dari babi-babi lain, selama 2 hari,
diberikan makanan yang baik dan ditempatkan dilingkungan tenang.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk <span style="background: white;">induk
yang pernah beranak yang akan dikawinkan kembali, sebelumnya dilakukan
penyapian terlebih dahulu. Induk yang habis menyapih pada umumnya akan birahi
lagi 3-10 hari. Biasanya babi yang baru menyapi akan kurus, maka sebaiknya
perkawinan ditunda dulu sampai babi gemuk dan sehat kembali.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengawinkan babi bisa
dilakukan dua sistem yakni:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan Alam</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya perkawinan bisa berlangsung selama 10 – 15
menit. Babi betina yang birahi dimasukkan dalam kandang pejantan, bisa
dikawinkan sampai dua kali untuk mendapatkan hasil yang optimal. Betina yang
kecil dan jantan yang besar bisa dibantu dengan membuat kandang secara khusus.
Perbandingan jantan dan betina : jantan usia 1 tahun adalah 1jantan : 15-20
betina; umur jantan setahun keatas adalah 1 jantan : 30 betina.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan buatan = Artificial Insimination (AI) = Insiminasi
buatan (IB)</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkawinan ini adalah memasukkan serma kedalam kelamin betina
dengan tindakan manusia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan AI atau IB antara lain dapat memanfaatkan seekor
pejantan bisa diperbesar. Perkawinan bisa dilakukan diantara hewan yang
tempatnya berjauhan, misalnya babi Indenesia dengan Autralia atu Belanda.
Dengan IB, tidaklah setiap peternak memelihara pejantan sendiri sehingga bisa
hemat biaya. Pemacek yang karena sesuatu hal, misalnya pejantan terlalu besar,
pincang, dst sulit dilakukan, dengan IB dapat dikerjakan.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan
kelemahan IB yaitu tidak semua inseminator mempunyai pengalaman yang cukup,
sehingga hasil kurang terjamin. Kemungkinan akan terbawanya bagian penyakit
senantiasa ada, karena pelaksanaannya yang ceroboh. Menyebarkan keturunan yang
jelek. Misalnya karena sperma diambil tanpa memilih pejantan yang bagus.
Terlalu banya babi yang memiliki keturunan yang sama (inbreed)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084186">Kebuntingan
dan Kelahiran</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan Induk
Bunting Awal<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Segera setelah babi dara
(calon induk) atau induk dikawinkan secara tepat, perlu dilakukan pengecekan
setiap 20-21 hari selama dua kali berturut-turut untuk memastikan kebuntingan
sudah terjadi, yaitu tidak memperlihatkan tanda-tanda estrus. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari kebuntingan
dihitung saat babi dikawinkan, dan hari partus 115 hari kemudian. Bila setelah
dikawinkan masih ada tanda estrus, berarti kebuntingan belum terjadi dan induk
harus dikawinkan ulang. Sampai tanda estrus tidak nampak setelah kawin ulang,
maka tanggal kawin ulang tersebut ditetapkan sebagai hari awal kebuntingan dan
partus ditetapkan 115 hari berikutnya. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika keadaan
memungkinkan, setelah babi dara atau induk positif bunting, maka
pemeliharaannya harus terpisah dari induk kering/babi dara lainnya yaitu pada
kandang khusus induk bunting. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencegah hal-hal yang
tidak diinginkan, seperti perkelahian dan sebagainya. Sampai 2,5 bulan pertama
tidak ada hal-hal istimewa yang perlu dilakukan dalam menangani induk bunting
awal ini. Makanan diberi dalam jumlah biasa, yaitu 2,5 kg/ekor/hari. </span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan pada akhir kebuntingan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebulan sebelum tanggal
penetapan kelahiran disebut sebagai masa kebuntingan akhir. Jika memungkinkan,
persiapkan kandang khusus untuk partus. Pada akhir kebuntingan ini, induk tidak
dicampur dengan induk kering atau status lainnya. Kandang harus cukup ruangan
untuk induk berjalan-jalan (exercise) guna memperlancar peredaran darah saat
proses kelahiran. Induk dan kandang harus selalu bersih. Seminggu sebelum
partus, induk diperkenalkan dengan kandang beranak. Hal ini perlu untuk induk
beradaptasi dengan lingkungan kandang yang baru. Sebelum dimasuki induk untuk
beranak, kandang didesinfeksi; dan induk dimandikan,yakni dibersihkan dengan
sabun dan air hangat.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan memelihara induk
yaitu menghasilkan dan membesarkan anak-anaknya sampai saat penyapihan. Semakin
efisien tugas induk semakin besar profit suatu usaha peternakan babi. Profit di
dalam usaha peternakan babi secara sederhana diukur dengan rumus: <i>profit = output – input cost </i>(hasil
penjualan dikurangi biaya produksi). Bila lama laktasi 6 minggu, maka hitungan
siklus melahirkan induk adalah 365 : 163
= 2,23 kali/tahun. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
makan induk bunting<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keinginan memberikan makan induk babi
sebanyak mungkin agar menghasilkan air susu sebanyak mungkin, mempertahankan
kondisi tubuh jumlah besar anak-anak tetap
berat. Agar supaya induk babi dapat menghasilkan panas sekitarnya dan
mencegah untuk bergerak maka tempatkan induk babi tersebut dalam luasan kandang
terbatas sehingga akan memudahkan juga penggunakan kandang sapihan. Penggunaan
panas kandang dengan lampu rumah yang sulit bagi sebagian masyarakat akan
memberikan pengaruh pada induk babi. Pembuktian cara alternatif yang ekonomis
dan lebih efisien dan jauh lebih maju harus terus dilakukan. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah konsumsi induk babi tergantung
pada suhu lingkungan. Suhu kandang yang ideal untuk induk babi bunting adalah
antara 64-68° F, tetapi yang ideal untuk anak babi pada 102°F. Perbedaan ini
merupakan kesulitan utama. Untuk setiap peningkatan 2° F suhu lingkungan di
atas 68° F, induk babi akan mengurangi jumlah konsumsi 0,5 kg pakan per hari.
Setelah periode penyapihan, penting memberikan pakan induk hingga terus meningkat
pada hari ke-10 masa laktasi. Tetapi pemberian makanan berlebihan bagi induk
bunting, akan membuat nafsu makannya menurun. Peningkatan gizi harus
mencerminkan peningkatan volume produksi air susu induk. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses kelahiran
(partus) merupakan salah satu faktor paling kritis dalam keseluruhan proses
produksi ternak babi, dalam hubungan dengan kesejahteraan induk babi dan
anak-anaknya. Berbagai hal dapat terjadi yang dapat menyebabkan kematian atau
setidaknya menurunkan efisiensi pemeliharaan induk dan anak-anaknya. Oleh sebab
itu penting sekali untuk menghasilkan suatu kelahiran normal, dan mengetahui
secara dini bila ada kelainan supaya dapat diambil tindakan secepatnya. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
beranak (<i>farrowing process</i>)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernahkah terpikir bahwa saat anak babi
lahir, maka sistem produksi induk akan terpengaruh? Proses kelahiran anak babi
merupakan perubahan drastis suhu yang konstan 103° F menjadi 36° F. Dari suhu
hangat tubuh induk anak babi akan keluar berpindah melalui leher rahim menuju
ke suatu tempat dengan kondisi dalam keadaan basah serta dingin berangin. Anak
babi keluar dan terjatuh ke tempat di tengah-tengah alas kering yang sebagian
merupakan tumpukan kotoran babi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal seperti ini sering terjadi tetapi
sebagian besar anak-anak babi mampu bertahan. Tetapi, apabila terjadi stress
dalam proses kelahiran atau tidak berjalan baik, maka akan berpengaruh negatif
pada potensi produktivitas babi. Jika hal itu terjadi pada proses beranak (<i>partus</i>), dapat mengakibatkan anak babi
tidak bertumbuh dengan baik sehinga tidak mencapai berat ideal saat pemotongan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena laju pertumbuhan berkurang,
rendah pula konversi pakan menjadi daging selama proses pertumbuhan anak babi.
Dari sudut ekonomi, masih lebih baik anak babi mati pada saat masih kecil,
dianggap sebagai risiko kerugian pada tahap awal. Sementara itu induk dapat
menyusui mereka yang selamat untuk mendapatkan pengganti energi cadangannya
yang rendah. Induk akan mendapatkan sumber panas tubuh dari putingnya sehingga
dapat melanjutkan produktivitasnya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada proses partus, ada persyaratan unik
yang harus diperhatikan bagi anak babi. Setiap individu harus dirawat
tersendiri agar dapat mengurangi stress yang dialaminya. Idealnya anak-anak
babi harus dikeringkan pada saat lahir, dan dimasukkan ke dalam iklim mikro
pada 102 °F, dan disusui segera setelah induknya siap. Pada umumnya proses
partus terjadi pada malam hari tanpa pengawasan, kecuali kalau ada
perlakuan prostaglandin untuk mengatur
waktu partus.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh anak babi memiliki luas permukaan
yang relatif sangat besar dibandingkan dengan berat badannya sehingga dengan
cepat akan kehilangan panas dan cadangan energi, maka kebutuhan panas dalam
keadaan kering sangat penting. Setelah selesai proses partus, persyaratan
lingkungan anak babi dapat disiapkan dengan menyediakan tempat beriklim mikro
yang sesuai. Tempat itu harus dekat dengan induknya, tapi masih melindungi anak
dari tindihan induk babi (<i>crushing</i>),
dan meminimalisasi pengaruh panas induk babi. Tempat tersebut disebut kandang
sapihan (<i>brooder</i>) yang harus mudah
dikontrol.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
partus induk babi<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda induk akan memasuki periode
partus adalah setelah gangguan bergerak teratasi, induk mulai terlihat duduk
dan mencoba membuat sarang untuk persiapan partus meskipun tidak tersedia
material baginya. Selanjutnya peternak akan mengarahkan induk babi ke kandang
tempat beranak, suhu tubuhnya meningkat, dan mulai terlihat tanda kesakitan.
Kontraksi datang cepat, dan terlihat mulai ganas karena rasa sakitnya. Setelah
mengalami kelelahan beberapa jam, induk tua dapat mengatur kondisi otot yang
baik sebelum proses partus. Jika beranak dengan jumlah ’<i>litter size</i>’ 13 dalam selang waktu 20 menit per kelahiran, maka
akan memakan waktu rata-rata 260 menit atau 4 jam lebih. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila kondisinya lemah, induk akan
cepat menjadi lelah sehingga proses pengeluaran foetus lebih lama, yang akan
mengakibatkan anak babi mati lemas, dan hasilnya lahir mati. Anak babi yang
lain akan kekurangan oksigen (<i>anoxia</i>)
dan akan cacat permanen walaupun dapat bertahan hidup. Karena aktivitas otot
dan sumber panas punggungnya, induk babi pun menjadi rentan terhadap panas yang
disebabkan kelelahan, sehingga akan melahirkan anak-anak babi yang sudah mati.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian makanan pada induk menyusui <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah beranak atau
proses partus sampai beberapa hari, nafsu makan induk babi pun menurun. Karena
itu perlu pemberian air minum yang banyak. Setelah 3 hari, ransum makanan induk
diberikan agar produktivitas air susu induk sesuai dengan jumlah anak.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan anak-anak babi yang baru lahir<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiga hari pertama
setelah beranak merupakan masa kritis, sebab anak babi sangat peka terhadap
berbagai bahaya. Tanpa bulu-bulu yang cukup untuk melindungi tubuhnya,
anak-anak babi sangat peka terhadap udara dingin. Kemungkinan terinjak atau
terhimpit oleh induk, atau kelaparan bila produksi susu induk jelek sehingga
anak kekurangan gizi dan lemah. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatikan baik-baik
anak-anak babi ini bila menjerit lapar. Perhatikan dan periksa puting susu atau
ambing induknya: bila terasa sangat panas atau sangat dingin, segera panggil
dokter hewan untuk dibedah. Setelah 3 hari pertama masa kritis berlalu,
anak-anak babi akan menjadi lebih baik. <span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;">Pada masa setelah kelahiran (<i>post farrowing</i>), adalah penting mengarahkan anak-anak babi sampai
ke ambing supaya mendapatkan konsumsi kolostrum. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternak muda memiliki kemampuan untuk
menyerap antibodi secara langsung ke dalam aliran darah untuk beberapa jam
pertama setelah lahir. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="FI" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan
tersebut kemudian akan berkurang karena penambahan usia, dan terutama setelah
cairan pertama tertelan. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh
karena itu penting bahwa semua anak-anak babi harus dapat menyusui kolostrum
yang kaya antibodi. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kandang besar, praktik perlakuan yang
baik adalah mengumpulkan anak babi yang pertama lahir, dan membatasi mereka di
daerah ‘<i>creep feeder</i>’ supaya akses ke
ambing anak-anak babi yang lahir kemudian tidak terhalang. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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Gambar<span
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMUof-yBKqtDbYvhng20Mo3DCoFJHXkUQrDERKnUEQlx1CeABjvEOMW62N3WCCX0eGRaStyY0fBHG99gnv-TFuKFqp2aYD_W7-VYnccDyNmIQMqVVTO7PuCNkivapuLo_a5CopPSL5kfA/s1600/brooder+tradisional.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMUof-yBKqtDbYvhng20Mo3DCoFJHXkUQrDERKnUEQlx1CeABjvEOMW62N3WCCX0eGRaStyY0fBHG99gnv-TFuKFqp2aYD_W7-VYnccDyNmIQMqVVTO7PuCNkivapuLo_a5CopPSL5kfA/s1600/brooder+tradisional.JPG" height="195" width="320" /></a></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Pemeliharaan Anak Babi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemotongan Taring dan Ekor<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak babi yang baru lahir mempunyai gigi yang tajam yang
dapat menimbulkan rasa sakit pada puting induk saat menyusu. Ujung gigi ‘<i>canin’</i> dan ‘<i>pre molar</i>’ ini harus dihilangkan dengan menggunakan gunting yang
tajam (pinset gigi). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses perkembangan selanjutnya, juga sering
dilakukan pemotongan terhadap ekor anak babi. Ekor anak babi akan cukup
merugikan dalam proses perkembangan dan pertumbuhannya. Beberapa hal merugikan
apabila ekor ternak babi dibiarkan, yaitu mudah terjadi perkelahian atau
gigitan antarternak pada ekor; hal lainnya ekor juga akan menyebabkan ternak
babi turut mengibaskan kotoran ke tempat makan atau ke sesama ternak dalam
kandang. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemotongan taring dan ekor dilakukan pada saat masih anak
babi agar mudah dilaksanakan dan mengurangi resiko terlalu banyak pendarahan,
tetapi harus dilakukan secara steril dan higienis untuk menghindari serta
mengurangi terjadinya infeksi penyakit yang sangat mudah menyerang anak babi.
Operator pemotongan taring dan ekor sebaiknya sangat memperhatikan kemungkinan
adanya anak babi yang sakit agar tidak ditempatkan bersama-sama dengan ternak
yang sehat.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyuntikan Ferrum<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat besi di dalam tubuh anak babi sangat terbatas,
padahal zat itu sangat esensial untuk pembentukan hemoglobin, yaitu pigmen
dalam sel darah merah yang bertanggung jawab membawa oksigen ke seluruh tubuh.
Defisiensi zat besi ini menyebabkan anemia, yaitu suatu penyakit yang lazim
terjadi pada anak-anak babi yang dipelihara dalam kandang. Kadar zat besi di
dalam air susu induk sangat sedikit, karena itu sangat perlu menambahkan zat
besi pada anak babi yang baru lahir. Penambahan ini dapat diberikan melalui
oral atau dengan injeksi. </span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penimbangan pada umur 3 minggu<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat dianjurkan menimbang anak babi sebab hal ini
menjadi indikator tentang kemampuan induk mensuplai air susu, karena berat anak
babi (<i>litter</i>) pada umur 3 minggu
semata-mata tergantung pada penampilan induk babi akan kemampuannya
menghasilkan dan memberi makan anak-anaknya.</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnkCPfvhOJHTpeqLhAB7AeZJ5pgdO8KiMdLqbMqiXuvDlW0JLfJ-b6IlrxeNO1b7ccMHORtDx49hJOHY_19Xkfb7hEdrfXsofDey2B3Gjcf2Mj0oj4kt7eBwIFNPBgjacw_vvtj1URsE/s1600/Timbangan+ternak.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnnkCPfvhOJHTpeqLhAB7AeZJ5pgdO8KiMdLqbMqiXuvDlW0JLfJ-b6IlrxeNO1b7ccMHORtDx49hJOHY_19Xkfb7hEdrfXsofDey2B3Gjcf2Mj0oj4kt7eBwIFNPBgjacw_vvtj1URsE/s1600/Timbangan+ternak.JPG" height="242" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="height: 241px; left: 0px; left: 92px; position: absolute; top: -43px; width: 372px;"><b style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeliharaan Masa Penyapihan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyapihan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyapihan ternak atau hewan adalah
suatu periode transisi dari hewan mamalia muda, dari ketergantungan gizi dan
sosial secara menyeluruh terhadap induknya, menjadi bebas dari ketergantungan
pada induknya.<span class="mediumtext"> </span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;">Proses penyapihan pada umumnya sulit dan lambat. Dalam
periode tersebut hewan/ternak muda mulai menunjukkan perilaku dewasa dalam
memenuhi kebutuhan berbeda seturut umurnya. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur anak babi
bebas/tidak tergantung pada induknya dapat tercapai dalam kondisi alamiah,
tergantung pada interaksi yang rumit antara kepentingan sepihak sang induk dan
anak babi muda (<i>off spring</i>). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Optimalisasi untuk
menyelesaikan proses penyapihan, dari sudut pandang induk, akan berbeda ketika
induk telah berinvestasi cukup pada babi<span style="background: white;"> muda
dalam memaksimalkan peluang berkembang biak mereka sesuai dengan peningkatan
usia hidup, diiringi dengan konsistensinya untuk mempertahankan tingkat energi
yang cukup tinggi agar mereka berhasil dalam berkembang biak. Ternak muda
biasanya memiliki ketergantungan yang lebih pada induknya untuk bertahan lebih
lama memenuhi kebutuhan mereka yang tinggi dari induk supaya mendapatkan
pertumbuhan yang optimal.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="FI" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menentukan akhir proses penyapihan perlu memperhatikan keseimbangan antara
berbagai faktor, seperti kondisi gizi induk, kemungkinan berkembang biak lagi,
kondisi gizi ternak muda, dan jumlah perawatan yang masih disediakan oleh induk
secara alami setelah penyapihan. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk dapat melahirkan dua kali
setahun, maka induk babi harus menjaga anaknya paling lambat pada umur 2 bulan
(8 minggu). Tetapi dengan kemajuan teknologi dalam kandang dan manajemen, maka
tak perlu menunggu sampai 8 minggu. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak peternak melakukan penyapihan pada umur 5
minggu (berat badan <u><</u>13 kg). <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di negara maju seperti USA,
bahan-bahan pakan yang tinggi protein, seperti dadih (<i>whey kering</i>), yaitu bahan hasil sisa pembuatan keju, dan susu skim
kering tidak diijinkan sebagai ransum babi <i>starter</i>
(anak babi). Karena itu, penyapihan dilaksanakan tidak lebih awal dari umur 28
hari. Karena baru setelah umur tersebut, sistem pencernaan anak babi sudah
mampu mencerna secara efektif makanan yang berbasis butiran, seperti sereal
gandum, dan tidak berefek buruk bagi kesehatan dan penampilan produksi ternak
babi, maka para ahli menyarankan agar penyapihan dilakukakan pada usia <u>></u>35
hari.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses penyapihan, cara yang
baik dilakukan adalah induk dipisahkan dari anak (induk keluar dari kandang
beranak) dan bukan sebaliknya. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini berarti bahwa anak-anak babi tetap dalam lingkungan kelompok yang sama
sehingga mengurangi stress pada anak babi. <span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;">Pemeliharaan anak babi yang disapih bertujuan untuk
keuntungan potensial masa depan. </span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="FI" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyapihan
dan pemeliharaan yang tepat akan menjamin kerja dan eksistensi masa depan usaha
peternakan. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memelihara dengan baik akan menjadi permulaan yang baik
dan sangat penting bagi masa depan kinerja dan profitabilitas usaha.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><b style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses<i> </i>penyapihan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyapihan adalah masa
pemeliharaan yang sangat traumatis bagi anak babi. Peternak akan mengganti atau
memindahkan sumber utama makanan dan air dari kandang dan mengelompokkan
anak-anak babi keluar dari induknya. Di banyak peternakan, kelompok anak babi
akan digabungkan dengan sejumlah besar ternak babi lain; dipindahkan dengan
memasukkan mereka ke dalam gerobak atau trailer, atau lebih buruk lagi dengan
angkutan tanpa pelindung, dan dibawa dan dipindahkan ke kandang yang baru. Ada
yang tetap dalam kandang mereka, tetapi yang lain dipindahkan dan
dicampuradukkan dengan ternak babi lain yang lebih besar dan berbeda jenis,
yang mana per kandang (<i>pen</i>) dapat
bervariasi jumlah anak babinya, dari sepuluh hingga ratusan. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-left:-4.5pt;text-align:center'>
<span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%'>Gambar
Kandang sapihan (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>brooder</i>) modern<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span class="longtext"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<span class="longtext"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span><span class="longtext" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span class="longtext" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan utama penyapihan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan utama penyapihan
adalah mendapatkan anak-anak babi yang baik dan mengkonsumsi pakan secepat
mungkin. Anak-anak babi diberi makan secara ‘<i>ad libitum</i>’ dengan makanan hangat, steril, dan bergizi tinggi untuk pengganti air susu
induk babi. Makanan dan minuman yang memadai tersebut harus tersedia bagi semua
anak babi supaya mereka makan dan minum bersama. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air bersih harus tersedia
secara bebas di tempat minum yang terbuka di kandang. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika anak babi tidak minum maka ia akan
berhenti makan dan mengalami dehidrasi sangat cepat. Dehidrasi adalah risiko
terbesar pasca penyapihan. Harus selalu diperhatikan dengan sangat bahwa sistem
pengairan bekerja dengan benar, dan tempat air pada jaringan pipa tangki harus
bersih untuk ketersediaan air bersih dan segar. Apakah tidak tersedia sistem
air minum dalam bentuk putting, maka sistem pemeliharaan air harus baik. Sistem
ketersediaan air minum berada di sekitar kandang agar memudahkan anak babi
sapihan mengakses air.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
beberapa hari pertama, air segar dan makanan harus diberikan sesering mungkin
dalam kandang (<i>pen</i>) anak babi
sapihan. Sedikit tetapi sering adalah yang terbaik. Butiran (c<i>reep feed</i>) tidak boleh disimpan dalam
tempat tertutup atau kantung tertutup dalam gudang penyimpanan karena pakan
tersebut akan menyerap bau dan menjadi cepat basi. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
terlalu banyak tersedia pakan segar bagi anak babi sapihan, maka akan banyak
pakan yang terbuang–jika sudah mencapai lebih dari 10% maka itu–merupakan biaya
pemborosan yang besar untuk usaha ternak babi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Induk
babi sering menyusui pada malam hari dan setelah itu anak babi akan mencari
makanan. Karena itu disarankan kandang sapihan (<i>brooder</i>) perlu diberikan penerangan lampu supaya anak babi bisa
bergerak di malam hari, dan untuk mempertahankan suhu tetap hangat di
lingkungan kandang. Ternak babi memiliki penglihatan kurang pada malam hari.
Pemberian makanan anak babi sapihan harus pada malam hari, diberi makan dan
minum malam dan pagi hari esoknya. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="FI" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat
makan harus selalu dalam keadaan bersih dari sisa makanan lama setiap pemberian
makan. Tetapi sisa makanan ini dapat diberikan kepada babi lebih tua. Hal rutin
yang berguna adalah menempatkan alas kayu solid atau nampan di lantai kandang
untuk beberapa hari pertama sebagai tempat pakan butiran. </span></span><span class="longtext"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084187">Laktasi</a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses
pelepasan susu dipengaruhi oleh hormone dan mekanismenya adalah melalui
stimulasi dari hipotalamus, oksitosin dari kelenjar hipofisis posterior yang
disekresikan ke dalam darah, akan menyebabkan kontraksi sel-sel mioepitel
disekeliling alveoli dan saluran susu. Namun pelepasan oksitosin ini bisa
dihambat oleh pelepasan adrenalin dan epineprin akibat terjadi ketakutan maupun
kegelisahan dari hewan. Adrenalin
menyebabkan vasokontriksi sehingga suplai darah dan oksitosin akan berkurang
didalam mamae (Toelihere, 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada saat
laktasi, produksi susu induk yang maksimal dicapai pada minggu ketiga dari masa
laktasi, setelah itu akan menurun secara teratur. Untuk mempertahankan laju pertumbuhan anak
babi perlu diberikan pakan tambahan. Pakan tambahan ini disebut <i>Krip</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.3pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat krip
ini adalah untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manambah
bobot badan anak babi saat disapih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempertahankan
kondisi induk babi saat anaknya disapih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperkecil
hambatan pertumbuhan anak babi lepas sapih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makanan krip awal yang diberikan berupa susu skim ataupun lemak tambahan,
dengan sedikit bahan produk bukan susu seperti pati, sukrosa dan tambahan
protein bukan susu berkualitas baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mekanisme dan Hormon yang
berpengaruh pada laktasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertumbuhan
dari kelenjar mamae dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hormone diantaranya
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Estrogen, hormone pertumbuhan dan kortisol,
menyebabkan awal pertumbuhan dari sistem saluran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Progesteron
: Menyebabkan pertumbuhan lebih lanjut dari sistem saluran atau duktus serta
perkembangan alveolar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prolaktin :
Perkembangn alveoli, mulai sekresi susu dan mempertahankan laktasi (Toelihere,
1985). Dalam merangsang laktasi
prolaktin harus bekerjasama dengan hormone lain seperti Cortisol, GH, hormone
tyroid, dan Insulin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laktasi
terdiri dari dua fase yaitu sekresi susu dan pelepasan susu,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekresi susu terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sintesa penyusun susu dalam sel alveoli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengangkutan secara intramuscular dari unsur-unsur
pembentukan susu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengeluaran penyusun susu dari sel ke dalam lumen
alveoli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelepasan susu terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelepasan pasif susu dari penampung susu dan duktus
besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancaran susu secara reflex dari alveoli (Tomaszewska,
1991).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></h2>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></h2>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084188"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB III </span></b></a><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PENUTUP</span></b><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084189"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Manajemen Reproduksi babi merupakan
suatu pola pemeliharaan yang harus dilakukan oleh peternak. Adapun manajemen reproduksi tersebut meliputi
pubertas sampai proses laktasi. Pubertas adalah periode saat organ-organ reproduksi
babi pertama kali berfungsi dan menghasilkan telur atau sperma dewasa. Faktor yang mempengaruhi pubertas adalah
genetik, makanan, musim, cahaya, kandang, dan lingkungan. Setelah masa
pubertas, babi betina mengalami 5 siklus estrus yang berlangsung selama 21
hari. Babi betina hanya menerima
pejantan pada masa birahi saja. Pada saat inilah terjadi perkawinan. Lama perkawinan pada babi sekitar 10-20
menit. Pada masa kebuntingan terjadi
selama 114 hari, dan proses kelahiran pada babi 1-12 jam. Setelah proses
kelahiran perlu diperhatikan apakah induk menyusui, hal ini harus diperhatikan
karena pemberian air susu induk 24 jam pertama mengandung kolostrum yang
bermanfaat bagi anak babi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390084191"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Frandson,R.D.1992.<i>Anatomi
dan Fisiology Ternak,edisi ke-4 diterjemahkan oleh Srigandono,B dan Praseno,K.</i>Gadjah
Mada University Press.Yogyakarta<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Frandson, R.D., 1996,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak</i>,
Edisi ke-7, diterjemahkan oleh Srigandono, B dan Praseno, K, Gadjah Mada
University Press, Yogyakarta.</span><a href="http://beternakcara.blogspot.com/2013/11/pubertas-pada-ternak-babi.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://beternakcara.blogspot.com/2013/11/pubertas-pada-ternak-babi.html</span></a><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Najibulloh, Muhamad. 2012. <i>Pola dan Sistem Produksi pada Ternak. </i></span><a href="http://najibdhevie.blogspot.com/2012/12/pola-dan-sistem-produksi-pada-ternak.html"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://najibdhevie.blogspot.com/2012/12/pola-dan-sistem-produksi-pada-ternak.html</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Diakses pada tanggal 3 Juni 2014.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Marawali,
A., M.T. Hine, Burhanuddin, H.L.L. Belli.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2001.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Dasar-dasar ilmu reproduksi ternak</i>.
Departemen pendidikan nasional direktorat pendidikan tinggi badan kerjasama
perguruan tinggi negeri Indonesia timur. Jakarta.</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Partodiaharjo,
S. 1992.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Ilmu Reproduksi Hewan</i>.
PT. Mutiara Sumber Widya. Jakarta Lopez, H., L. D. Satter, and M. C. Wiltbank.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2004. Relationship between
level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows. Anim.
Reprod. Sci. 89:209–223</span><span lang="NL" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sihombing D.T.H. 1997. Ilmu
Ternak Babi. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-57676559079855573682014-06-26T07:48:00.001-07:002014-06-26T07:48:15.827-07:00Tangiang ni dainang - Melda Tampubolon (lagu terbaru)<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/6ifsuTo-qcc" width="459"></iframe>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-83106212035849716162014-06-26T07:41:00.001-07:002014-06-26T07:41:40.474-07:00Trio Sinatra - Holong Na So Tarsuhat, Lagu Batak Terbaru 2012<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/KwJpw8MXnHM" width="459"></iframe>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-62016837813131280632014-06-26T07:40:00.001-07:002014-06-26T07:40:17.149-07:00Trio Sinatra - Portibi Namangillas, Lagu Batak Terbaru 2012<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/dbVqydv0t1c" width="459"></iframe>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-32543503486292200062014-06-26T07:28:00.001-07:002014-06-26T07:28:34.640-07:00Lagu Batak Terpopuler - Ro Ma Ho - Versi Trio<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/2zsbKIEK3Rk" width="459"></iframe>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-66970272075903606352014-06-21T05:05:00.004-07:002014-06-21T05:05:59.254-07:00Lirik Lagu Batak karya Henry S. Pakpahan - ALUSI HOLONGKI<div style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.31999969482422px; margin-bottom: 6px;">
* ALUSI HOLONGKI *</div>
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<br />Karya: Henry S. Pakpahan</div>
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Download lagunya di <a href="http://www.4shared.com/music/yTVmHdSWba/alusi_holong_ki___henry_s_pakp.html" target="_blank">sini</a>! <a href="http://www.4shared.com/music/yTVmHdSWba/alusi_holong_ki___henry_s_pakp.html" target="_blank">Henry S. Pakpahan-ALUSI HOLONGKI </a> </div>
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Aha ma ito na boi tarbahen au<br />Na gabe silomo ni roham<br />ai dang margogo au dang na mora au<br />na boi pasonang rohami<br />jalo ma ito tolap ni gogo ki<br />tulus ni rohakki do na tarbahen au</div>
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unang ma ito margabus ho tu au<br />ai molo naung adong di rohami<br />jujurhon holong mi na gabe rokkap mi<br />na saut si rokkap ni tondim<br />dang gangguan ku ho ai molo sonang ho<br />tusi lomoni rohami ale ito</div>
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Reff: Ias do rohakki makkaholongi ho<br />ai dang marmeam-meam au tu ho<br />alusi au ito alusi holongki<br />unang sai tarpaima au tu ho<br />ai molo rokkaphu ho<br />marsogot haduan<br />dang olo au marsirang sian ho</div>
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# Coda #<br />haaaa....haaa...haaaaa......<br />dang tarsesa au<br />holong ki tu ho ito<br />molo hu ingot ingot hata mi</div>
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hu taon namai haccit manang parir molo hu ida ida bohimi<br />hu boan pe ito holong ni rohakki<br />sahat tu na marujung ngolukkon<br />hu boan pe ito holong ni rohakki<br />sahat tu na marujung ngolukkon. (By: "Henry S. Pakpahan")<br /><br />Blog by: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/saruedi.simamora.3/" target="_blank">Saruedi Simamora</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/music/yTVmHdSWba/alusi_holong_ki___henry_s_pakp.html" target="_blank">DOWNLOAD mp3-nya di sini! </a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/music/yTVmHdSWba/alusi_holong_ki___henry_s_pakp.html" target="_blank">DOWNLOAD</a></div>
Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-58159395324904300212014-06-16T01:48:00.000-07:002014-06-16T02:40:18.445-07:00MANAJEMEN PAKAN PADA BROILER<div class="Section1">
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TUGAS PAPER PENYAKIT UNGGAS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Oleh:</div>
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SARUEDI
SIMAMORA</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">2014</span></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076874"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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Puji dan Syukur ke hadirat
Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis dapat
menyelesaikan paper ini tepat pada waktunya.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Paper ini bertujuan membantu mahasiswa dan
masyarakat pada umumnya untuk lebih mendalami dan mengetahui tentang pentingnya
mempelajari Manajemen Pemberian Pakan pada Peternakan Ayam Broiler.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Penulis juga mengucapkan
terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah mendukung dan membantu dalam
penyelesaian paper ini. Ibaratkan tidak ada gading yang tidak retak, sama
halnya juga dengan paper ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan oleh karena itu kami
selaku penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun dari pembaca demi
kesempurnaan paper ini.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Denpasar, Juni 2014<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Penulis<o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><div class="Section2">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Section2">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076875"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<w:sdt docparttype="Table of Contents" docpartunique="t" id="263438532" sdtdocpart="t">
<div class="MsoTocHeading" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076874">KATA PENGANTAR</a></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076875">DAFTAR ISI<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076875 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iii<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800370035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076876">DAFTAR TABEL<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076876 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iv<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800370036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076877">BAB I PENDAHULUAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076877 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800370037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076878">1.1<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Latar Belakang<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076878 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800370038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076879">1.2<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Rumusan Masalah<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076879 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800370039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076880">1.3<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Tujuan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076880 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076881">BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076881 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076882">2.1<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Pengertian<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076882 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076883">2.2<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Sistem Pemberian Pakan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076883 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076884">2.3<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Pemberian Pakan Lebih Awal<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076884 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076885">2.4<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Pemberian Pakan Fase Starter dan Finisher<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076885 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076886">2.5<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Frekuensi Pemberian Pakan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076886 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076887">2.6<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Konsumsi Pakan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076887 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076888">2.7<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Tempat Pakan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076888 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076889">2.8<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Tempat Minum dan Air Minum
Ayam<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076889 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800380039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076890">2.9<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Pertambahan Bobot Badan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076890 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">12<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076891">2.10<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Konversi Pakan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076891 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076892">2.11<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Mortalitas<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076892 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">14<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076893">2.12<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Indeks Performa Ayam Broiler<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076893 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">15<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076895">BAB III MATERI DAN METODE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076895 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390035000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076896">3.1<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Lokasi dan Waktu<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076896 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390036000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076897">3.2<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Materi<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076897 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390037000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc3">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076898">3.2.1<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Ternak<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076898 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390038000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc3">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076899">3.2.2<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Pakan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076899 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003800390039000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076900">3.3<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Metode<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076900 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">17<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003900300030000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076901">BAB IV PENUTUP<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076901 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">18<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003900300031000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076902">4.1<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Kesimpulan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076902 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">18<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003900300032000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076903">4.2<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span>Saran<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076903 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">18<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003900300033000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390076904">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
PAGEREF _Toc390076904 \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">19<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003300390030003000370036003900300034000000</w:data>
</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:windowtext;
display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</w:sdt><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076876"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR
TABEL</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.1. Standar
Performa Mingguan Ayam Broiler CP 707 ........................ 3</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.2. Frekuensi Pemberian Pakan ............................................................... 8</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.3. Jumlah kebutuhan tempat pakan
untuk 500 ekor .............................. 11<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.4. Konsumsi air minum broiler modern
................................................. 12<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.5. Kriteria
Indeks Performa Ayam Pedaging ....................................... 15</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 3.1. Komposisi Nutrisi Ransum Komersial .............................................. 17 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: dotted 375.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076877"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB I <o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076878"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Latar
Belakang</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%;">Usaha peternakan ayam broiler merupakan salah satu usaha yang
potensial untuk menghasilkan daging dan meningkatkan konsumsi protein bagi
masyarakat. Faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan usaha ayam broiler adalah
pakan (feed), pembibitan (breeding), dan tatalaksana (manajemen). Penghematan
biaya pakan merupakan tujuan yang harus dicapai dalam mendapat keuntungan yang
maksimal dari hasil produksinya. Frekuensi pemberian pakan yang berbeda akan
memberikan hasil performa yang berbeda.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Ayam broiler
tumbuh dengan cepat
dan dapat dipanen
dalam waktu yang
singkat. Keunggulan genetik yang
dimiliki ayam broiler
dan pemberian pakan
yang baik mampu menampilkan
performa produksi yang
maksimal. Selain faktor
genetik dan pakan,
lingkungan kandang mempunyai
peran yang besar
dalam menentukan performa
broiler dan keuntungan yang diperoleh peternak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Ayam
broiler adalah ayam muda yang biasanya dipanen pada umur sekitar 5-6 minggu
dengan tujuan sebagai penghasil daging. Sehubungan dengan waktu panen yang relatif
singkat, maka jenis
ayam broiler ini
harus tumbuh cepat,
dada lebar disertai timbunan
daging. Hal tersebut
dapat dicapai dengan
manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik dan didukung kualitas ransum yang
tinggi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Faktor yang
mempengaruhi keberhasilan usaha
ayam broiler adalah
pakan (feed), pembibitan (breeding),
dan tatalaksana (manajemen). Pakan
merupakan bagian terpenting dalam suatu usaha peternakan khususnya
peternakan ayam broiler. Pakan
merupakan unsur penting
untuk menunjang kesehatan,
pertumbuhan dan suplai energi
sehingga proses metabolisme dapat berjalan dengan baik serta tumbuh dan berkembang
dengan baik. Biaya pakan
dapat mencapai 70% - 80%
dari total biaya produksi sehingga
pakan yang diberikan harus efisien. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Sebagian
besar peternak ayam
broiler memberi pakan
secara adlibitum dan diberikan tiga kali dalam sehari yaitu pagi, siang dan soe hari. Suhu lingkungan
pada pagi dan sore
hari mendekati suhu
nyaman atau themoneutral zone untuk
pertumbuhan ayam sehingga pemberian pakan pada waktu tersebut dapat dimetabolisasi
dengan optimal dan akam menghasilkan performa yang optimal. Pemberian
pakan pada siang
hari dengan rata-rata
suhu lingkungan di
daerah tropis yang berada diatas
suhu nyaman, akan berdampak pada
penurunan konsumsi pakan dan proses metabolisme
yang kurang optimum
sehingga menghasilkan performa yang buruk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076879"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Apa yang dimaksud dengan ayam broiler?<a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390075371"><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Bagaimana
sistem pemberian pakan pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Apa yang dimaksud dengan </span><span style="color: windowtext;">pemberian
pakan lebih awal pada broiler?<span style="display: none; mso-hide: screen;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana </span>pemberian pakan fase starter dan finisher<span class="MsoHyperlink"> pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana </span>frekuensi pemberian pakan<span class="MsoHyperlink"> pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana </span>konsumsi pakan<span class="MsoHyperlink"> pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana manajemen </span>tempat pakan<span class="MsoHyperlink"> pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana manajemen </span>tempat minum dan air minum ayam<span class="MsoHyperlink"> broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana proses </span>pertambahan bobot badan<span class="MsoHyperlink"> broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Apa yang dimaksus dengan </span>konversi pakan<span class="MsoHyperlink"> pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana angka </span>mortalitas<span class="MsoHyperlink"> pada broiler?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink">Bagaimana cara menghitung </span>indeks performa ayam
broiler?<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076880"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Tujuan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Adapun tujuan dari penulisan paper ini adalah untuk mengetahui manajemen
pemberian pakan pada ayam broiler secara lebih baik, efisien, dan menguntungkan
bagi peternak.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></h2>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076881"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB II
<o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076882"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Ayam broiler adalah istilah yang biasa digunakan untuk menyebutkan ayam hasil budidaya teknologi peternakan dengan
menyilangkan sesama jenisnya. Karekteristik
ekonomi dari ayam broiler adalah pertumbuhan cepat serta penghasil daging dengan konversi pakan
efisien. Bobot badan ayam broiler ini tergolong tinggi.</div>
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Ayam broiler merupakan tipe ayam pedaging dan umumnya
digunakan untuk konsumsi
sehari-hari sebagai pemenuhi
kebutuhan protein hewani.
Berdasarkan aspek pemuliaannya terdapat tiga jenis ayam penghasil
daging, yaitu ayam Kampung, ayam
petelur afkir dan ayam broiler. Ayam broiler umumnya dipanen pada umur sekitar 4-5 minggu dengan
bobot badan antara 1,2-1,9 kg/ekor yang
bertujuan sebagai sumber pedaging (Kartasudjana, 2005)
dan ayam tersebut
masih muda dan dagingnya
lunak (North dan
Bell, 1990). Ayam broiler
mempunyai beberapa
keunggulan seperti daging
relatif lebih besar,
harga terjangkau, dapat dikonsumsi segala
lapisan masyarakat, dan
cukup tersedia di
pasaran (Sasongko, 2006). Standar
Performa Mingguan Ayam Broiler CP 707 disajikan pada Tabel 2.1.</div>
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Tabel 2.1.
Standar Performa Mingguan Ayam Broiler CP 707 </div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" width="73">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" width="103">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Bobot Badan (g/e)</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" width="143">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Pertambahan Bobot
Badan (g/e)</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.75pt;" width="136">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: -2.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Konsumsi Pakan</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
FCR</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Per hari (g/e/h)</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kumulatif (g/e)</div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: -1.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
175,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
19,10</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
-</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.05pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
150,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
0,857</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
486,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
44,40</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
69,90</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.05pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
512,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1,052</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
932,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
63,70</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
11,08</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.05pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1167,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1,252</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1467,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
76,40</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
15,08</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.05pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2105,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1,435</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
5</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2049,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
83,10</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
17,90</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.05pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
3283,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1,602</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.85pt;" valign="top" width="73">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
6</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2643,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.35pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
83,60</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
19,47</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.05pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
4604,00</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.6pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
1,748</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber : PT
Charoen Pokphand (2006)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076883"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Pemberian Pakan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Saat ini sistem pemberian pakan pada broiler modern yang baru menetas
berbeda dengan sistem pemberian pakan pada ayam broiler klasik. Hal ini terjadi
karena hasil penelitian para ahli dibidang peternakan. Sebelum tahun dua
ribuan, peternak dianjurkan untuk melakukan puasa makan terhadap DOC yang baru
menetas selama 48 jam dengan tujuan protein yang mengandung maternal antibodi
dapat diserap sempurna. Namun hasil penelitian berikutnya menganjurkan hal
sebaliknya yaitu memberikan pakan pada DOC baru menetas sesegera mungkin.
Sedangkan pemberian pakan pada umur finisher tidak mengalami perubahan <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076884"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Pemberian
Pakan Lebih Awal</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pemberian pakan lebih awal dapat mempercepat penyerapan kuning telur,
pertambahan berat badan, meningkatkan presentase daging dada, dan efek
pemberian pakan lebih awal juga berpengaruh terhadap saluran pencernaan <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana, 2009)</span>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Program komersial broiler telah menekankan seleksi yang ketat untuk mencapai
pertumbuhan secara genetik yang cepat per unit waktu pada umur semuda mungkin.
Berat awal DOC broiler sekitar 45-50 gram, menunjukkan peningkatan mencapai
40-45 kali pada umur 40 hari. Pertumbuhan yang begitu spektakuler ini
menyebabkan setiap hari begitu berharga untuk memonitor potensi genetik yang
penuh dari ayam tersebut. Sesaat setelah anak ayam menetas hingga mendapatkan
nutrisi pertama kali merupakan periode kritis dalam membentuk pertumbuhan yang
baik bagi broiler. Beberapa laporan menunjukkan bahwa sisa kuning telur
digunakan untuk kelangsungan hidup sebagai energi eksogenous yang berguna untuk
pertumbuhan. Pertumbuhan awal pada anak ayam dapat ditingkatkan dengan
pemberian nutrisi lebih awal. Pemberian pakan lebih awal dapat memberikan efek
yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan broiler yang baru menetas. Pemberian pakan lebih
awalini dapat mempercepat penyerapan kuning telur, meningkatkan berat badan,
dan mempercepat perkembangan saluran pencernaan pada DOC broiler. Untuk
mendapatkan nutrisi lebih awal, 24 jam setelah proses pencernaan berfungsi atau
24 jam setelah menetas penundaan terhadap asupan nutrisi dapat memperlambat
perkembangan saluran pencernaan dan sistem kekebalan, sehingga pertambahan
berat badan awal dan daging dada yang dihasilkan rendah <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pada perkembangan embrio kuning telur merupakan sumber energi. Selama
penetasan, kuning telur terdiri dari 20% flase berat badan anak ayam dan
mengandung 20-40% lemak serta 20-25% protein. Menjelang berakhirnya masa
inkubasi sisa kuning telur terkumpul didalam rongga abdominal. Bagi anak ayam
yang baru menetas kuning telur tersedia sebagai energi, sedangkan protein untuk
kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan. Sisa kuning telur cukup untuk kelangsungan
hidup anak ayam hingga umur 3-4 hari tanpa diberikan pakan, tetapi tidak dapat
mendukung perkembangan saluran pencernaan dan sistem kekebalan, ataupun
pertumbuhan berat badan. Selanjutnya kebanyakan protein berisi berbagai
biomolekuler berharga seperti maternal antibodi yang digunakan untuk kekebalan
pasif yang berguna daripada sebagai sumber asam amino. Pecahan lipid dari
kuning telur sebagian besar berisi trigliserida, phospolipid dan sejumlah kecil
ester kholesterol serta asam lemak tidak bebas. Pada saat penetasan anak ayam,
kuning telur dimanfaatkan baik oleh endositosis dari kandungan kuning telur ke
dalam usus halus. Pergerakan antiperistaltik mentransfer kuning telur ke usus
halus dimana acyl-lipid dicerna oleh enzim lipase dari pankreas dan diserapnya <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pemberian pakan yang lebih awal dapat mempercepat penyerapan kuning
telur. Sisa kuning telur pada umumnya akan habis hingga 4 hari setelah menetas.
Studi terbaru mengindikasikan bahwa sisa kuning telur digunakan lebih cepat
oleh anak ayam yang sudah mendapatkan pakan lebih awal dibandingkan pada anak
ayam yang dipuasakan hingga 48 jam. Berat sisa kuning telur pada anak ayam
broiler saat menetas adalah 6,5 gram yang berkurang menjadi 0,4 gram dalam
waktu 96 jam pada anak ayam yang diberi pakan segera setelah menetas, tetapi
berat kuning telur yang tersisa pada anak ayam yang dipuasakan 24 jam dan 48
jam adalah 0,7 gram dan 1,5 gram setelah 96 jam. Hal ini disebabkan karena
gerakan antiperistaltik yang mentransfer kuning telur hingga ke duodenum karena
dirangsang dengan kehadiran makanan di dalam saluran usus. Tetapi pada proses
penetasan anak ayam diperunggasan komersial, anak ayam akan ditransfer dari
inkubator ketika sebagian besar telah terlepas dari kerabang telur. Diikuti
dengan proses selanjutnya seperti sexing, vaksinasi, dan pengemasan yang
dilakukan sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam box untuk dikirim. Jadi dalam
kenyataannya, anak ayam seringkali tidak mendapatkan air minum dan pakan yang menyebabkan kelangsungan
hidup dan pertumbuhan terlambat. Oleh karena segera setelah penetasan merupakan
periode kritis untuk perkembangan dan kelangsungan hidup bagi anak ayam <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076885"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Pemberian
Pakan Fase Starter dan Finisher</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Temperatur lingkungan terutama dimusim kemarau merupakan permasalahan
yang menjadi perhatian bagi peternak karena temperatur lingkungan yang tinggi
dapat meningkatkan <i>feed convertion rate </i>(FCR)
dan kematian. Temperatur dalam kandang terutama sistem “Open House” sangat
dipengaruhi oleh lokasi kandang. Lokasi tersebut harus memiliki sumber air yang
mudah diperoleh serta perlu juga diperhatikan kecepatan angin dalam kandang <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana, 2009)</span>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ayam merupakan hewanhomeothermis atau berdarah panas dengan temperatur
tubuhnya 40,6<sup>0 </sup>C - 41,7<sup>0</sup> C. Temperatur tubuh yang tinggi
ini membuat ayam memiliki kemampuan terbatas dalam menyesuaikan diri dengan
temperatur lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, ayam akan merasa sangat tertekan jika
suhu lingkungan lebih tinggi dari temperatur ideal baginya yaitu 19-27<sup>0</sup>
C. Ayam memiliki kemampuan terbatas dalam mengurangi panas tubuhnya.
Pengeluaran panas dilakukan melalui sistem respirasi karena ayam tidak memiliki
kelenjar keringat, sehingga kerja jantung dan angka respirasi akan menjadi
lebih tinggi (biasa disebut dengan “panting”). Stres panas ini juga bisa
mempengaruhi fungsi fisiologis tubuh ayam. Perubahan fungsi fisiologis ini
dapat berupa adaptasi ayam terhadap temperatur lingkungan yang ekstrim,
contohnya: ayam akan mengurangi konsumsi pakan dan meningkatkan konsumsi air
minum (agar produksi panas dalam tubuhnya/ Heat Increment berkurang sehingga
dapat membuang panas dengan jalan panting). Sekitar 60% panas tubuh akan
dibuang melalui mekanisme panting. Mekanisme panting ini akan dilakukan ayam
terutama pada kandang yang kelembabannya rendah. Jika temperatur lingkungan
terlalu panas maka ayam akan mengurangi aktivitasnya, sayap menjadi lunglai dan
akan terjadi perubahan keseimbangan hormon. Salah satu konsekuensi akibat sress
panas maka ayam akan menurunkan konsumsi pakan, sehingga konsumsi nutriennya
(asam amino, lemak, mineral, dan vitamin) juga akan turun. Oleh karena itu,
perlu menyiasati agar ayam dapat tercukupi kebutuhan nutriennya pada kondisi
lingkungan yang panas <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana,
2009)</span>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Puasa ayam disiang hari secara fisiologis akan lebih baik dilakukan juga
dengan pemberian air minum secara adlibitum. Interval puasa dapat dilakukan 6-8
jam sebelum terjadinya awal sress panas, kemudian terjadi lagi stres panas
selama 6 jam sesudahnya, sehingga total interval puasanya menjadi 12 jam (masih
dapat ditolelir). Pemberian pakan pada siang hari kurang efisien karena hasil
metabolisme zat makanan pada jumlah tertentu harus dibuang. Pemberian vitamin C
dan elektrolit (6 jam sebelum awal terjadinya stres panas) juga sangat
dianjurkan serta dapat dilakukan juga penyiraman atap kandang dengan air atau
dengan menambah kipas <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">(Ardana,
2009)</span>.</div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076886"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Frekuensi
Pemberian Pakan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pakan adalah campuran
berbagai macam bahan organik
dan anorganik yang diberikan kepada
ternak untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan zat-zat makanan
yang diperlukan bagi pertumbuhan,
perkembangan, dan reproduksi
(Suprijatna et al., 2005).
Pemberian pakan pada periode starter pada minggu pertama dilakukan secara
adlibitum yaitu pemberian pakan
secara terus-menerus. Pemberian
pakan inidilakukan sesering
mungkin dengan jumlah
sedikit demi sedikit.
Anak ayam pada periode
ini masih dalam
tahap belajar dan
adaptasi dengan lingkungan
sehingga pemberian pakan dalam jumlah sedikit demi sedikit dimaksudkan
agar tidak banyak terbuang dan tidak tercampur dengan kotoran ayam (Fadilah et
al., 2007). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Berbagai tingkat pembatasan pemberian pakan akan memberi
pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap penampilan
ayam dan penghematan
pakan (Fuller et al., 1993). Frekuensi atau
waktu pemberian pakan
pada anak ayam biasanya lebih
sering sampai 5 kali
sehari. Semakin tua
ayam,frekuensi pemberian pakan
semakin berkurang sampai dua
atau tiga kali
sehari (Suci et al., 2005).
Hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian dari segi waktu
pemberian pakan adalah ketepatan waktu setiap harinya. Ketepatan
waktu pemberian pakan
perlu dipertahankan, karena
pemberian pakan pada waktu
yang tidak tepat
setiap hari dapat
menurunkan produksi. Pakan juga
dapat diberikan dengan
cara terbatas pada
waktu tertentu dan
disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan ayam,
misalnya pagi dan sore.
Waktu pemberian pakan dipilih pada saat yang tepat dan nyaman
sehingga ayam dapat makan dengan baik dan tidak banyak pakan yang terbuang (Sudaro
dan Siriwa, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pola pemberian pakan yang baik akan membantu
meningkatkan konsumsi pakan minggu pertama. Pemberian pakan sedikit demi
sedikit, tetapi sesering mungkin sangat dianjurkan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.2. Frekuensi Pemberian Pakan</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Umur</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Frekuensi
Pemberian Pakan</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu I (1-7 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
9 kali tiap 2
jam (mulai 06.00-23.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu II
(8-14 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
5 kali tiap 3
jam (mulai 07.00-19.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu III
(15-21 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
4 kali tiap 4
jam (mulai 07.00-19.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu IV
(22-28 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
3 kali tiap 4
jam (mulai 07.30-15.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu V
(29-35 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2 kali tiap 6
jam (mulai 07.30-15.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu VI
(36-42 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2 kali tiap 6
jam (mulai 07.30-15.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Minggu VII
(>43 hari)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
2 kali tiap 6
jam (mulai 07.30-15.00)</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber: (Ardana,
2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Kualitas dan kuantitas pakan broiler yang diberikan
dibedakan berdasarkan fase pertumbuhan broiler yaitu fase starter (umur 0-4
minggu) dan fase finisher (4-6 minggu) (Ardana, 2009). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kualitas dan
Kuantitas Pakan Fase Starter<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pada fase starter, kualitas atau kandungan
zat gizi pakan terdiri dari protein 22-24%, lemak 2,5%, serat kasar 4%, kalsium
(Ca) 1%, phospor (P) 0,7-0,9%, ME: 2800-3500 kkal/kg makanan. Sedangkan
kuantitas pakan terbagi/digolongkan menjadi empat golongan, yaitu:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-1 (1-7 hari) 17 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-2 (8-14 hari) 43 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-3 (15-21 hari) 66 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-4 (22-28 hari) 91 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Keseluruhan
jumlah pakan yang dibutuhkan tiap ekor sampai pada umur 4 minggu sebesar 1.520
gram (Ardana, 2009).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kualitas dan
Kuantitas Pakan Fase Finisher<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pada fase finisher kualitas atau kandungan zat gizi
pakan terdiri dari protein 18,1-21,2%; lemak 2,5%, serat kasar 4,5%, kalsium
(Ca) 1%, phospor (P) 0,7-0,9%, dan energi (ME): 2900-3400 kkal/kg. Sedangkan
kuantitas pakan terbagi/digolongkan dalam empat golongan umur, yaitu:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-5 (29-35 hari) 111 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-6 (36-42 hari) 129 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-7 (43-49 hari) 146 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Minggu
ke-8 (50-56 hari) 161 gram/ekor/hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Keseluruhan jumlah pakan per ekor pada umur 29-56 hari
adalah 3.829 gram pakan (Ardana, 2009).</div>
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</div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076887"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Konsumsi
Pakan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Suprijatna
et al., (2005) menyatakan
bahwa pakan starter diberikan pada ayam
berumur 0-3 minggu,
sedangkan ransum finisher
diberikan pada waktu ayam berumur empat minggu sampai panen. Konsumsi pakan merupakan
jumlah pakan yang dimakan dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Pakan yang dikonsumsi ternak digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
energi dan zat nutrisi lain. Konsumsi
pakan tiap ekor ternak berbeda-beda. Konsumsi diperhitungkan sebagai
jumah makanan yang dimakan oleh
ternak (Tillman et al., 1991) dan bila diberikan adlibitum (Parakkasi, 1999).
Zat makanan yang dikandungnya akan
digunakan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan hidup
pokok dan untuk
produksi hewan. Wahju
(2004) menyatakan bahwa besar
dan bangsa ayam,
temperatur lingkungan, tahap
produksi dan energi dalam pakan dapat mempengaruhi konsumsi. National
Research Council (1994) menyatakan bahwa
bobot badan ayam, jenis
kelamin, aktivitas, suhu lingkungan dan kualitas pakan dapat
mempengaruhi konsumsi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Saat
cuaca panas, ayam berusaha mendinginkan tubuhnya dengan cara bernafas secara
cepat (panting). Tingkah laku dapat peredaran </span>darah banyak menuju ke
organ pernafasan, sedangkan peredaran darah pada organ pencernaan mengalami penurunan sehingga bisa mengganggu
pencernaan dan metabolisme. Pakan yang dikonsumsi tidak bisa dicerna dengan
baik dan nutrien dalam pakan banyak yang
dibuang dalam bentuk feses (Bell dan Weaver, 2002). Penelitian Santoso (2002)
menunjukan bahwa ayam broiler pada kandang litter yang diberikan pakan komersial menghabiskan pakan mulai
minggu ke-tiga sampai minggu ke-lima sebesar 2525 g/ekor, sedangkan pada kandang
cage menghabiskan pakan mulai minggu ke-tiga sampai minggu ke-lima sebesar 2459
g/ekor. Penelitian Kusnadi (2006) menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi pakan ayam broiler
berumur 5 minggu pada suhu 24<sup>0</sup> C sebesar 1918 g/ekor, sementara pada
suhu 32<sup>0</sup> C konsumsi pakan sebesar 1667
g/ekor. Konsumsi pakan
ayam broiler strain
CP 707 yang dipelihara pada suhu
nyaman pada umur lima minggu adalah 2967 g/ekor.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tingkat
energi menentukan jumlah
ransum yang dikonsumsi.
Ayam cenderung meningkatkan konsumsinya
jika kandungan energi
ransum rendah dan sebaliknya konsumsi akan menurun jika
kandungan energi ransum meningkat (Scott et al., 1982).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076888"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.7<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat Pakan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Jumlah tempat pakan dan tempat
air minum yang terlalu sedikit akan membuat ayam tidak mendapat makan dan minum
secara merata. Ketidakmerataan ini dapat menyebabkan ketidakseragaman berat
pasar. Hal ini tentu saja dapat menurunkan produksi ayam per kandangnya yang
berakibat langsung menurunkan keuntungan yang diperoleh peternak (Ardana,
2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Biasanya peternak memberi tempat
pakan sebanyak 20 buah untuk 1000 ekor. Hal ini tentunya untuk 1 tempat pakan
berat 7 kg diperuntukkan bagi 50 ekor ayam dewasa. Padahal kapasitas satu
tempat pakan tersebut hanya berkisar antara 12-17 ekor. Oleh karena itu, tidak
mengherankan jika terjadi variasi berat badan yang sangat lebar, yang artinya
rendahnya keseragaman. Demikian pula kebutuhan tempat air minum dapat
menyebabkan ayam tidak minum secara serempak. Oleh karena itu, untuk 1000 ekor
ayam dewasa membutuhkan 60 buah tempat minum dan tempat makan yang cukup
(Ardana, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Dilaporkan bahwa tempat pakan
untuk ayam umur 0-2 hari adalah 1 <i>feeder
tray</i> diameter 35 cm untuk 50 ekor ayam, umur 3-5 hari tambahkan <i>feeder tray</i> yang lebih besar atau <i>pan feeder</i>. Untuk umur 6-14 hari gunakan
1 tempat pakan bentuk tabung atau <i>pan feeder</i>
setiap 50 ekor anak ayam (Ardana, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.3. Jumlah kebutuhan
tempat pakan untuk 500 ekor<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Umur
(hari)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kepadatan
(ekor/m<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Chicken
Feeder Tray (CFT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tempat
Makan Tube 10 kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">14>><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.9pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Sumber: Ardana (2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076889"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.8<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tempat Minum dan Air Minum Ayam</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Air minum merupakan bagian yang
tidak bisa dipisahkan dari kehidupan makhluk hidup di dunia. Air minum
merupakan nutrien yang esensial pada ayam, kekurangan atau kelebihan konsumsi
air minum mempunyai efek yang besar terhadap performa ayam. Namun demikian air
tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai nutrien, tetapi air juga merupakan komponen utama
darah sebagai alat transportasi dalam tubuh ayam, berfungsi untuk memperlunak
pakan, membantu dalam proses pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrisi lainnya serta
sebagai penyeimbang dalam tubuh. Dalam hal lain air juga bercampur dengan
kotoran (pembawa) dan dibutuhkan dalam reaksi-reaksi tertentu seperti dalam
proses pembentukan daging dan telur, serta reaksi <i>enzymatic</i> lainnya. Kurang lebih 55-75% berat badannya terdiri dari
ayam. Sedang pada telur 65% diantaranya terdiri dari air. Jika dicermati lebih
dalam lagi ada kurang lebih 70% air terdapat dalam sel dan 30% lagi terdapat di
sekeliling sel dan darah ayam. Air dalam tubuh ayam memiliki peran vital,
antara lain menjadi pelarut zat-zat organik dan anorganik, berperan dalam
proses metabolisme tubuh, serta membantu pergerakan pakan dalam sistem
pencernaan (Ardana, 2009).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.4. Konsumsi air minum
broiler modern<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Umur
(Minggu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">58-65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">102-115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">149-167<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">192-216<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">232-261<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">274-308<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">309-347<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">342-385<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Sumber: Manajemen manual broiler CP 707 (2005)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076890"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2.9<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pertambahan Bobot Badan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pertumbuhan
adalah suatu proses
peningkatan ukuran tulang,
otot, organ dalam dan
bagian tubuh yang
terjadi sebelum lahir (prenatal) dan
setelah lahir (postnatal) sampai
mencapai dewasa (Ensminger, 1992). Faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan adalah
galur ayam, jenis
kelamin, dan faktor
lingkungan (Bell dan Weaver,
2002). Salah satu kriteria
untuk mengukur pertumbuhan
adalah dengan mengukur
pertambahan bobt badan. Pertambahan
bobot badan merupakan kenaikan bobot badan yang dicapai oleh seekor ternak selama
periode tertentu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ayam broiler merupakan ayam yang memiliki ciri khas
tingkat pertumbuhan yang cepat sehingga
dapat dipasarkan dalam
waktu singkat. Pertambahan
bobot badan diperoleh dengan
pengukuran kenaikan bobot
badan melalui penimbangan berulang dalam waktu tertentu
misalnya tiap hari, tiap minggu, tiap bulan, atau tiap tahun (Tillman et al., 1991).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Rose (1997) menyatakan bahwa pertambahan bobot badan
ayam berlangsung sesuai dengan kondisi fisiologis ayam, yaitu bobot badan ayam
akan berubah ke arah bobot badan dewasa.
Perubahan bobot badan
membentuk kurva sigmoid
yaitu meningkat perlahan-lahan kemudian cepat dan perlahan lagi atau
berhenti. Penelitian Santoso (2002) menyatakan
bahwa pertambahan bobot
badan ayam broiler
umur enam minggu yang
dipelihara pada kandang litter sebesar 1935
g/ekor sedangkan pada kandang cage 1791 g/ekor. Secara garis
besar, terdapat dua faktor
yang mempengaruhi kecepatan pertumbuhan,
yaitu interaksi antara
faktor genetik dan faktor
lingkungan. Kemampuan genetik
akan terwujud secara
optimal apabila kondisi lingkungan
memungkinkan bagi ternak
yang bersangkutan sehingga penampilan yang diharapkan dapat
tercapai (Card dan Nesheim, 1972).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076891"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.10<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konversi Pakan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Nilai
konversi pakan dipengaruhi
oleh beberapa faktor
antara lain genetik, tipe pakan yang digunakan, <i>feed additive</i> yang digunakan dalam pakan, manajemen pemeliharaan, dan
suhu lingkungan (James,
2004). Jumlah pakan
yang digunakan mempengaruhi perhitungan
konversi ransum atau <i>Feed Conver</i>s<i>tion Ratio </i>(FCR). FCR merupakan
perbandingan antara jumlah
ransum yang dikonsumsi
dengan pertumbuhan berat badan. Angka konversi ransum yang kecil berarti
jumlah ransum yang digunakan untuk
menghasilkan satu kilogram
daging semakin sedikit (Edjeng dan Kartasudjana, 2006). Semakin tinggi
konversi ransum berarti
semakin boros ransum yang
digunakan (Fadilah et al., 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Lacy dan Vest
(2000) menyatakan bahwa
faktor utama yang
mempengaruhi konversi pakan adalah
genetik, ventilasi, sanitasi,
kulitas pakan, jenis
pakan, penggunaan zat aditif,
kualitas air, penyakit
dan pengobatan serta
manajemen pemeliharaan,
selain itu meliputi
faktor penerangan, pemberian
pakan, dan faktor sosial. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Konversi
pakan ayam broiler
strain CP 707
yang dipelihara pada
suhu nyaman pada umur lima minggu adalah 1,62. Penelitian Santoso (2002)
menunjukan bahwa konversi pakan
pada ayam broiler
selama lima minggu
pada kandang litter sebesar 1,6.
Menurut Lesson (2000),
semakin dewasa ayam
maka nilai konversi pakan akan semakin besar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Ayam yang semakin
besar akan makan
lebih banyak untuk
menjaga ukuran berat badan.
Sebesar 80% protein
digunakan untuk menjaga
berat badan dan
20% untuk pertumbuhan sehingga efisiensi pakan menjadi berkurang. Bila
nilai konversi pakan sudah jauh di atas angka dua, maka pemeliharaannya sudah
kurang menguntungkan lagi.
Oleh karena itu,
ayam broiler biasanya dipasarkan
maksimal pada umur enam minggu.</div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076892"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.11<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mortalitas</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Mortalitas atau kematian
adalah salah satu faktor yang
dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan usaha
pengembangan peternakan ayam.
Tingkat kematian yang tinggi pada ayam broiler sering terjadi pada
periode awal atau starter dan semakin rendah pada periode
akhir atau finisher. Angka mortalitas
diperoleh dari perbandingan jumlah ayam yang mati dengan
jumlah ayam yang dipelihara (Lacy dan Vest, 2000). Tingkat mortalitas dipengaruhi oleh
beberapa fakor, diantaranya bobot badan, bangsa, tipe
ayam, iklim, kebersihan
lingkungan, sanitasi peralatan
dan kandang serta penyakit (North dan
Bell, 1990). Kematian pada
suhu yang tinggi
dapat mencapai 30% dari total populasi (Tarmudji, 2004).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Fairchild
dan Lacy (2006)
menyatakan fungsi dari
sistem ventilasi pada pemeliharaan ayam
broiler adalah untuk
mengurangi jumlah amonia
yang dapat mengganggu produksi.
Faktor penyakit sangat
dominan sebagai penyebab
kematian utama ayam broiler.
Retno (1998) melaporkan
bahwa penyakit CRD
ini dapat meningkatkan kepekaan
terhadap infeksi Escheria coli, Infectius Bronchitis (IB), dan Newcastle
Desease (ND). Menurut Lacy dan Vest (2000), mortalitas ayam pedaging adalah
sekitar 4%. Pemberian vaksin dan
obat-obatan serta sanitasi
sekitar kandang perlu dilakukan untuk menekan tingkat
kematian. Hal ini sesuai
dengan pernyataan North dan
Bell (1990) bahwa
tingkat mortalitas dipengaruhi oleh
beberapa fakor, diantaranya bobot badan,
bangsa, tipe ayam,
iklim, kebersihan lingkungan,
sanitasi peralatan dan kandang serta penyakit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076893"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.12<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indeks Performa Ayam
Broiler</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Salah satu kriteria
yang digunakan untuk
mengetahui keberhasilan
pemeliharaan adalah dengan
menghitung indeks performa.
Indeks Performa (IP) adalah
suatu formula yang
umum digunakan untuk
mengetahui performa ayam broiler. Semakin besar
nilai IP yang
diperoleh, semakin baik
prestasi ayam dan semakin
efisien penggunaan pakan
(Fadilah </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
et al.,
2007). Nilai indeks performa dihitung berdasarkan
bobot badan siap
potong, konversi pakan,
umur panen, dan jumlah persentase
ayam yang hidup
selama pemeliharaan (Kamara, 2009).
Nilai yang diperoleh dibandingkan terhadap standar. Nilai indeks performa dapat
diperoleh dengan cara sebagai berikut.<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnr299uFbEA8exMAVuS1miXK_eiCxXVPt838tnn7b3W3l33JdY7eS34byw5-qDN48MVzTOvjzCGDDSDeaoW5ZpFpq-eUjDcSNRy-D8i9ICE9cBVoqqvcn82CwUQa_8j8_3_jOezs1Ujns/s1600/ip.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnr299uFbEA8exMAVuS1miXK_eiCxXVPt838tnn7b3W3l33JdY7eS34byw5-qDN48MVzTOvjzCGDDSDeaoW5ZpFpq-eUjDcSNRy-D8i9ICE9cBVoqqvcn82CwUQa_8j8_3_jOezs1Ujns/s1600/ip.JPG" height="104" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[endif]--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty
m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ayam Hidup % × Berat rata-rata </m:r></span><m:d><m:dPr><span
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kriteria
nilai indeks performa ayam broiler disajikan pada Tabel 2.3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Tabel 2.5.
Kriteria Indeks Performa Ayam Pedaging. </div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Indeks Performa (IP)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">301-325<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cukup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">326-350<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">351-400<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat Baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.8pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">>400<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" width="272">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istimewa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber:
Santoso dan Sudaryani (2009)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076895"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076894"></a><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390075382"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB III <o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">MATERI DAN
METODE</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076896"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lokasi dan Waktu</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Observasi dilaksanakan di Desa
Same Undisan, Kecamatan Temuku, Kabupaten Bangli,<span style="color: red;"> </span>Bali.
Peternakan ini adalah milik dari Bapak Wahyu Kirana. Pengamatan dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2014.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076897"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076898"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ternak</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Pengamatan ini
menggunakan ayam broiler strain Cobb galur CP 707 dari PT.
Charoen Pokphand Indonesia tanpa dilakukan pemisahan antara jantan dan betina.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Gambar.
Kondisi Ayam Broiler di dalam kandang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076899"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Pakan yang digunakan
adalah pakan komersial
untuk ayam broiler
dari PT. Charoen Pokphand
Indonesia. Bahan pakan
yang digunakan adalah
jagung, dedak, bungkil kedelai,
bungkil kelapa, tepung daging dan tulang, pecahan gandum, bungkil kacang tanah,
tepung daun, kanola, kalsium, fosfor, vitamin, dan trace mineral. Komposisi
nutrisi ransum komersial disajikan pada Tabel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;">Tabel
3.1. Komposisi Nutrisi Ransum Komersial.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Zat Makanan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kandungan</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kadar Air (Maks) (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
13</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Protein (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
21,5-23,5</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Serat Kasar (Maks) (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
5</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Lemak (Min) (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
5</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Abu (Maks) (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
7</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Ca (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,9</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
P (%)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,6</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.15pt;" width="264">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Energi
Metabolis (kkal/kg)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.2pt;" width="264">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3000-3100</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber: PT.
Charoen Pokphand Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076900"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Adapun metode yang dilakukan adalah observasi langsung ke lapangan
ditambah dengan informasi dari pemilik peternak ayam broiler itu sendiri.</div>
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><br /></span></b>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076901"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB IV
<o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PENUTUP</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076902"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Kesimpulan</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Dalam hal manajemen pemeliharaan broiler secara khusus manajemen pakan
pada broiler yang harus diperhatikan, antara lain: sistem pemberian pakan,
pemberian pakan lebih awal, <a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390075373">pemberian pakan fase starter dan finisher</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">, </span><a href="file:///D:/KULIAH%20SARUEDI%20S.%20%20FKH%20UNIVERSITAS%20UDAYANA/SEMESTER%20IV/PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS/TUGAS%20PAPER%20PENYAKIT%20UNGGAS.-MANAJEMEN%20PAKAN%20PADA%20AYAM%20BROILER.docx#_Toc390075374">frekuensi pemberian pakan</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">, konsumsi pakan, manajemen
tempat pakan, manajemen tempat minum dan air minu, pertambahan bobot badan
broiler, konversi pakan, angka mortalitas, dan menghitung indeks performa ayam
broiler. Dengan mengetahui hal-hal yang sudah tersebut diatas maka peternak
bisa menghasilkan broiler yang sehat, berkualitas, dan memiliki nilai harga
yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076903"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Saran</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Penulis berharap para peternak dan calon peternak broiler memperhatikan
manajemen pemberian pakan yang baik bagi ternak ayamnya, supaya memberikan
hasil yang memuaskan dan memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc390076904"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Ardana, Ida Bagus Komang. 2009. <i>Ternak
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Bell, D. D &W.D. Weaver, Jr. 2002. <i>Comercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production. </i>5<sup>th</sup>
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Card, L. E
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Edjeng S. &. Kartasudjana, R. 2006. <i>Manajemen Ternak Unggas</i>. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.</span></div>
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Ensminger.
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.5pt;">Fadillah, R., A.
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.5pt;">Fairchild, B. & M. Lacy. 2006. <i>How
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Fuller, H. L.,
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James, R. G. 2004. <i>Modern livestock and Poultry
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.5pt;">Kamara, T. 2009. <i>Menghitung indeks
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<span style="line-height: 150%;">Lacy, M. &
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.5pt;">Lesson, S. 2000. <i>Feed efficiency
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Parakkasi, A. 1999. <i>Nutrisi
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Wahju, J. 2004. <i>Ilmu
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<br /></div>
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DUKACITA … BERGEMBIRA</a>: Yoh 16:22 “Saat ini kamu memang berdukacita, tetapi Aku akan menjumpai kamu lagi sehingga hatimu akan bergembira dan tidak ada seorang p...Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-7189971207782413992014-05-29T23:13:00.001-07:002014-05-29T23:13:48.325-07:00Gereja Katolik: Rupa-rupa Bentuk Salib<a href="http://katolikkita.blogspot.com/2014/03/rupa-rupa-bentuk-salib.html?spref=bl">GerejaKatolik: Rupa-rupa bentuk salib</a>Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-37765102113384477482014-05-23T00:52:00.000-07:002014-05-23T05:10:53.424-07:00Penyakit Viral yang Menyerang Unggas<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #E6E6E6 1.5pt; border: none; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm;">
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<b style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">1. NEWCASTLE
DISEASE</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Avian Fowl Pest, Pseudo Fowl Pest, Avian Pneumo-encephalitis, Avian
Distemper Ranikhet, Tetelo atau Penyakit Sampar Ayam.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi :</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Newcastle Disease disebabkan oleh Paramyxovirus-1 (PMV-1) dari famili
Paramyxoviridae.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Bentuk virus bundar, polimorfis atau helixal simetri atau filamen memanjang.
Ukuran partikel virus yang lengkap antara 100-300 nm, rata-rata 180 nm, tetapi
ada pula virus yang berukuran lebih besar yaitu strain AF 2240 dengan diameter
150-600 nm.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Virus ND dibedakan menjadi 3 patotipe, yaitu tipe velogenik, mesogenik dan
lentogenik.</span></div>
</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</b></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">ND ditemukan pertama kali di Jawa oleh Kraneveld pada tahun 1926, kemudian oleh
Doyle berhasil mengisolasi virus ND dari wabah yang terjadi di Newcastle,
Inggris pada tahun 1927. Sejak itu penyakit kemudian menyebar di dunia. Di
Indonesia tersebar hamper di seluruh daerah dan bersifat enzootik.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Hewan Terserang</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">ND menyerang berbagai jenis unggas dan terjadi pada semua umur. Yang paling
sering terserang adalah unggas peliharaan seperti ayam, kalkun, itik, ayam
hutan, ayam mutiara dan puyuh relative tahan. Berbagai jenis burung juga dapat
terserang seperti burung kakatua, burung beo, tekukur, betet, merak dan lain
sebagainya.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat ditularkan secara horizontal dan vertical. Penularan horizontal
melalui kontak langsung dengan unggas sakit atau reservoir dan tidak langsung
melalui peralatan atau bahan tercemar virus ND.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan vertical sangat mungkin terjadi karena virus ND pernah diisolasi dari
isi telur yang berasal dari telur-telur ayam tertular. Telur-telur tercemar
selanjutnya dapat menularkan virus pada telur-telur lainnya di dalam mesin
tetas.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam terserang ditandai dengan tingkat morbiditas sampai 100 %, mortalitas 50-100
% erutama yang disebabkan oleh virus ND ganas, 50 % oleh tipe mesogenik dan
oleh lentogenik jarang menyebabkan kematian kecuali kalau disertai infeksi
sekunder dapat mencapai 30 %.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi bervariasi dari 2-15 hari dengan rata-rata 5-6 hari. Gejala
klinis tidak selalu spesifik untuk masing-masing bentuk penyakit seperti gejala
pernafasan (pneumotropik), syaraf (neurotropik) dan intestinal (viscerotropik)
yang timbul tergantung dari 3 faktor agen (strain, keganasan dan dosis virus) dan
infeksi organism lain.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam-ayam terserang kadang-kadang terjadi kematian mendadak, yang ditandai
dengan gejala nafsu makan menurun, sesak nafas dan terlihat megap-megap, diare
dan tinja putih kehijauan. Ayam mengalami dehidrasi atau kekurusan. Gejala syaraf
berupa tremor, tortikolis, paralisa kaki dan sayap serta opistotonus. Ayam
dengan gejala syaraf dapat mengalami kesembuhan, tetapi ayam dapat menjadi
sumber penularan karena dapat mengeluarkan virus dalam tinjanya.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologi, gejala klinis, patologis, isolasi
dan identifikasi virus. Antigen dalam cairan allantois telur ayam berembrio
atau biakan sel dapat dideteksi dengan uji hemaglutinasi (HA) dan
diidentifikasi dengan uji hambatan hemaglutinasi (HI) menggunakan antiserum
virus ND.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Antigen dalam di dalam jaringan dapat dideteksi dengan Flourescent Antibody
Technique (FAT), AGP,CIEP, serum netralisasi.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit yang menunjukkan gejala klinis yang mirip dengan ND yaitu penyakit
dengan gejala pernafasan seperti Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Infectious
Laryngotracheitis (ILT), Adenovirus, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Gejala
syaraf mirip dengan Mareks, Avian Enchepalomyelitis (AE). Gejala pencernaan
mirip dengan Gumboro, Salmonellosis atau Kolibasillosis.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam sakit disingkirkan, dipotong atau dimusnahkan dengan dibakar atau ditanam.
Kandang dan peralatannya didesinfeksi dengan formalin 2-5 % atau fumigasi
dengan formalin dan kalium permanganat.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara efektif mencegah timbulnya ND adalah melakukan tindakan vaksinasi, baik
pada anak ayam maupun ayam dewasa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">2. PENYAKIT GUMBORO</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), Avian nephrosis atau Avian
Infectious Bursitis. Merupakan penyakit menular akut pada ayam berumur muda
yang ditandai dengan peradangan berat bursa fabrisius dan bersifat
immunosupresif yaitu lumpuhnya system pertahanan tubuh ayam yang mengakibatkan
turunnya respon ayam terhadap vaksinasi dan ayam-ayam menjadi lebih peka
terhadap pathogen lainnya.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit disebabkan oleh Birnavirus dari family Birnaviridae, termasuk satu
grup dengan Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) pada ikan, Drosophilla
X Virus (DXV) pada serangga dan Tellinavirus pada kerang-kerangan.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Virus ini dikelompokkan ke dalam 2 serotipe berdasarkan uji netralisasi virus
yaitu serotipe I dengan beberapa subtipe antigenik yang patogen pada ayam,
serotipe II menginfeksi kalkun tanpa disertai gejala klinis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini pertama kali dilaporkan terjadi di daerah Gumboro, Delawere
Selatan, Amerika Serikat pada tahun1962 dan sejak itu pula penyakit kemudian
dilaporkan di beberapa Negara seperti Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Spanyol,
Jerman, Israel, Kuba, Swiss,Yugoslavia, Chad, Mauritania, Ghana, Nepal,
Senegal, Irak, Australia, Jepang, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapura,
Pilipina, dan Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Di Indonesia dilaporkan pertama kali secara serologis di beberapa daerah
seperti Surabaya, Semarang, Bogor dan Ujung Pandang. Kemudian pada tahun 1978
kasus penyakit ditemukan hamier di seluruh daerah di Indonesia terutama pada
peternakan ayam ras.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Semua jenis unggas peka terhadap Gumboro, tetapi yang paling sering dilaporkan
terserang adalah ayam ras petelur dan broiler, meskipun ayam buras juga dapat
terserang.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam yang paling banyak terserang adalah kelompok umur 3 sampai 6 minggu,
sedangkan ayam yang berumur kurang dari 2 minggu biasanya tidak menunjukkan
gejala klinis tetapi dapat bersifat imunosupresif.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini sangat menular dan penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung
antara yang sakit dengan yang sehat. Disamping itu melalui ekskresi yang
mencemari peralatan kandang dan alas kandang. Kandang tercemar menjadi sumber
penularan yang potensial.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Virus ini tidak pernah dikeluarkan melalui saluran pernafasan, karena itu
penularan melalui saluran pernafasan dianggap tidak potensial, demikian pula
tidak terjadi penularan secara vertikal melalui telur.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam-ayam terserang Gumboro mempunyai tingkat morbiditas 40 sampai 60 % dan
mortalitas bisa mencapai 2-31,8 % dengan rata-rata 7,78 % (broiler) dan 7,34 %
(petelur). Tingkat mortalitas paling tinggi terjadi pada hari ke-4 dan ke-5
pascainfeksi dan kesembuhan terjadi setelah hari ke-5 sampai ke-12. Ayam-ayam
yang sembuh akan memiliki antibody yang tinggi dan bertahan lebih dari 1 tahun
serta tidak ada pengaruh terhadap respon vaksinasi ND dan produksi telur.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi penyakit pada kasus alami tidak jelas diketahui, sedangkan untuk
infeksi percobaan masa inkubasi sangat pendek yaitu berlangsung antara 2-3
hari. Ayam-ayam terserang biasanya ditandai dengan gejala depresi, nafsu makan
menurun, lemah, gemetar, sesak nafas, bulu-bulu merinding dan kotor terutama
bulu-bulu didaerah perut dan dubur, selanjutnya diikuti dengan mencret, feses
berwarna putih kapur dan kematian terjadi akibat dehidrasi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gumboro dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan gejala klinis, epidemiologis, patologi,
isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Beberapa uji serologis untuk menisolasi dan
identifikasi virus berupa uji AGP, FAT, CIEP, Western Blotting Assay, SN dan
ELISA.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Sesuai dengan Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 53/TN.520/DJP/DEPTAN/1991
penegasan tentang timbulnya wabah dan langkah-langkah pemberantasan yang dapat
dilakukan mmeliputi:</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">1. Tahap Identifikasi, meliputi identifikasi wabah penyakit, strain ayam
tertular, parent stock farm, unit farm tertular dan sumber penularan (uji
kekebalan).</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">2. Tahap Pemberantasan. Ditujukan terhadap farm tertular dengan melakukan
tindakan isolasi ayam-ayam yang sakit dan penutupan sementara farm.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">3. Tahap Pengamanan dan konsolidasi. Ditujukan terhadap pengamanan konsumen
meliputi pengamanan konsumsi daging dan telur, pengamanan potensi suplai ayam.
Pengamanan terhadap peternakan ayam meliputi pemasukan ayam baru, lalu lintas
dan vaksinasi rutin.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">4. Vaksinasi, merupakan cara yang paling efektif untuk mencegah Gumboro. Ada 2
jenis vaksin yang biasa digunakan yaitu vaksin aktif atau hidup dan vaksin inaktif.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">3. CHICKEN ANEMIA SYNDROME</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Chicken Anemia Agent (CAA), Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV), Blue Wing
Disease, Anemia Dermatitis Syndrome (ADS) merupakan penyakit yang sangat
menular pada ayam, bersifat imunosupresif ditandai dengan meningkatnya mortalitas,
atrofi organ hemopoietik dan jaringan limfoid lain serta perdarahan di bawah
kulit dan otot. Penyakit ini juga sangat merugikan secara ekonomis karena
terjadinya penurunan berat badan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">CAA disebabkan oleh Chicken Anemia Virus yang termasuk dalam grup Circovirus.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Materi genetik virus adalah sirkuler tersusun atas DNA beruntai tunggal
(ss-DNA) dengan 2300 pasang basa (bp). Virus berukuran kecil dengan diameter
18-26,5 nm, tidak beramplop dan bentuknya ikosahedral. Virion mempunyai
densitas di dalam cesium chloride (CsCl) bertingkat 1,33-1,36 g/ml.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pathogenesis CAA tidak diketahui dengan pasti, namun diketahui infeksi CAA
didahului dengan masuknya virion ke dalam sel dengan cara absorpsi dan
penetrasi. Selanjutnya virus bereplikasi di dalam inti sel yang dapat dideteksi
dengan FAT setelah infeksi puncak. Perbanyakan virus di dalam sel MSB 1 adalah
bervariasi tergantung intensitas pertumbuhan sel.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Chicken anemia syndrome pertama kali dilaporkan di Jepang tahun 1979. Sejak itu
penyakit menyebar ke Negara-negara seperti Swedia, Jerman, Amerika Serikat dan
Inggris. Secara serologis telah dibuktikan pula ayam-ayam komersial di Inggris,
Irlandia Utara, Australia, beberapa Negara Eropa, Afrika dan Asia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini diketahui hanya menyerang ayam dan semua umur peka, tetapi
kepekaan cepat menurun setelah berumur 2-3 minggu. Hal ini ada kaitannya dengan
peranan imunitas humoral sebagai suatu peranan yang krusial. Ayam-ayam yang
terinfeksi pada umur 28 hari atau 45 hari menghasilkan respon titer antibody
yang cepat dengan titer tinggi dibandingkan dengan ayam yang terinfeksi pada
umur 1 hari.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan vertical dari induk ke anak adalah penularan yang paling penting.
Penularan ini berlangsung selama 3-6 minggu. Sedangkan dari hasil infeksi
percobaan terjadi 8-14 hari. Ayam-ayam budidaya terserang tidak menunjukkan
gejala klinis yang jelas, hanya terjadi penurunan produksi telur, daya tetas
atau fertilitas tetapi gejala klinis terjadi pada keturunannya.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Kelompok ayam terserang CAA mempunyai tingkat morbiditas tinggi dan mortalitas
mencapai 60 % terutama padda flok broiler, rata-rata 5-10 %. Mortalitas tinggi
dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor yaitu strain virus yang virulen, dosis dan
cara infeksi, adanya infeksi pathogen seperti virus mareks, Gumboro dan bahan
kimia yang imunosupresif seperti betamethasone atau siklosporin A.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi pada infeksi alami tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Pernah dicatat
pada hari ke-12 kemudian meningkat setelah anak ayam berumur 3-4 minggu. Pada
infeksi percobaan gejala klinis timbul setelah 10-14 hari dan kematian mulai
terjadi setelah 12-14 hari. Secara percobaan menunjukkan bahwa anak ayam umur 1
hari tanpa antibody maternal diinfeksi dengan CAA melalui intra muskuler timbul
gejala klinis dengan jumlah kematian tinggi, anemia hebat dan perdarahan di
seluruh tubuh.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, patologis,
isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Berbagai uji untuk mengidentifikasi virus yaitu
uji netralisasi virus, ELISA menggunakan antibody monoklonal, uji Indirect
immunoflourescence (IIF) dan Immunoperoxidase (IP) menggunakan antibody
poliklonal, dan PCR.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ada beberapa penyakit unggas yang gejalanya sangat mirip dengan Chicken Anemia
Syndrome yaitu inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) yang juga menyebabkan anemia,
penyakit Mareks dan Gumboro menyebabkan atrofi jaringan limfoid dengan lesi
histologist tipikal, tetapi tidak menyebabkan anemia. Keracunan sulfonamide
dosis tinggi atau mikotoksin seperti aflatoxin dapat menyebabkan anemia
aplastik dan sindroma hemoragi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam yang sakit dipisahkan dengan yang sehat untuk mencegah penularan lebih
lanjut. Pengobatan dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian antibiotika untuk mencegah
infeksi sekunder.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan pelaksanaan vaksinasi pada breeder umur 18-18
minggu agar keturunannya memiliki antibodi maternal yang dapat melindunginya
dari serangan CAS sampai umur 6 minggu. Vaksinasi dapat menggunakan vaksin
inaktif dalam adjuvant atau vaksin aktif yang telah dilemahkan.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">4. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Infectious Avian Nephrosis, Infectious Bronchitis Nephritis atau
Uremia, merupakan penyakit yang sangat menular pada ayam yang ditandai dengan
penurunan produksi dan kualitas telur. Kerugian ekonomi yang diakibatkan cukup
besar apalgi jika diperparah oleh infeksi sekunder</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Mycoplasma spp</span></i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">atau</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">E. coli.</span></i></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Agen penyebab IB adalaah virus IB yang dimasukkan ke dalam genus Coronavirus
dari family Coronaviridae.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Materi genetik virus tersusun atas RNA beruntai tunggal (ss-RNA) yang di
sebelah luarnya dilapisi oleh capsid dan amplop.</span></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi penyakit ini sangat pendek antara 18-36 jam. Bentuk respirasi
ditandai dengan tracheitis dan bronchitis akibat pertambahan banyaknya virus di
dalam mukosa, selanjutnya dalam trachea, saluran hidung dan sinus terdapat
eksudat serus, katarhal atau caseus.</span></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</b></div>
</b>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Infectious Bronchitis pertama kali dilaporkan oleh Schalk dan Hawn pada tahun
1930 di North Dakota, Amerika Serikat. Setelah itu penyakit tersebar di
beberapa negara bagian di Amerika Serikat dan Negara lainnya seperti Jepang,
Kanada, Singapura, Srilanka, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, India dan
Indonesia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini tersebar di beberapa daerah.</span></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Yang paling peka adalah ayam dan terjadi pada semua umur, tetapi kasus IB
paling banyak terjadi pada anak-anak ayam diikuti dengan kematian. Makin
meningkatnya umur ayam maka makin tahan terhadap efek nefritogenik, lesi
oviduct dan kematian akibat infeksi.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini cepat menular diantara ayam dalam satu kelompok. Umumnya penularan
terjadi melalui pernafasan. Virus terutama dikeluarkan dari saluran pernafasan
dan ginjal. Virus akan menyebar dari satu peternakan ke peternakan lain melalui
udara sehingga penularan dalam jarak 1100 meter dapat terjadi.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Faktor predisposisi yang memperburuk kondisi ayam yang terinfeksi IB adalah
infeksi dari</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Mycoplasma gallisepticum.</span></i></div>
</span><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Semua ayam dalam satu flok dapat terserang, mortalitas sangat bervariasi
tergantung dari dosis dan strain virus, umur ayam terserang dan faktor
lingkungan. Mortalitas umumnya kurang dari 1 %, tetapi pada kasus berat dapat
mencapai 25 % terutama pada ayam kurang dari 6 minggu bahkan dapat mencapai 80
%.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi 18-36 jam tergantung dosis dan cara infeksi. Ayam terserang
ditandai dengan gejala pernafasan seperti sesak, leleran dari hidung, mata
berair, kadang-kadang sinus bengkak. Ayam tampak depresi dan bergerombol pada
sudut kandang. Berat badan dan konversi pakan turun secara nyata.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pada ayam yang sedang bertelur ditandai dengan penurunan produksi dan kualitas
telur. Produksi turun sampai 25 %, kulit menjadi lunak dan kasar, bentuk tidak
teratur, albumin sangat tipis dan encer sehingga batas antara kuning telur dan
albumin tidak jelas.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis dan
patologis serta isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Isolasi penyebab dapat
dilakukan secara in vitro pada biakan sel dan in vivo pada tunas ayam
berembrio. Sementara agen penyebab dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan uji HI,
FAT, VN, ELISA dan PCR.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Berbagai penyakit yang mempunyai gejala pernafasan yang sangat mirip dengan IB
seperti ND, ILT, SHS atau Snot. Gejala pernafasan pada IB lebih ringan jika
dibandingkan dengan ILT, ND dan Snot. Gejala syaraf tidak ditemukan pada IB
atau muntah darah seperti ILT. Gangguan produksi telur mirip dengan EDS 76,
hanya saja kualitas bagian dalam telur pada EDS tidak terpengaruh.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam yang sakit atau mati disingkirkan dan dimusnahkan dengan cara dibakar atau
dikubur dalam-dalam. Cara efektif adalah melakukan vaksinasi dengan vaksin
aktif atau inaktif. Vaksin aktif digunakan sebagai vaksin primer pada ayam
broiler dan petelur, sedangkan vaksin mati dalam emulsi minyak digunakan
sebagai vaksin ulangan (booster). Aplikasi vaksin dapat diberikan melalui tetes
mata, intratrachea atau intranasal. Vaksinasi pada umur 1 atau 2 hari
dilaporkan memberikan respon kekebalan pada ayam. Jadwal vaksinasi berikutnya
dilakukan pada umur 7-12 atau 6-16 minggu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">5. EGG DROP SYNDROME 1976</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Egg Drop Syndrome 1976 (EDS-76) merupakan penyakit menular pada ayam yang
ditandai dengan penurunan produksi dan kualitas telur sehingga kerugian ekonomi
yang diakibatkan sangat besar.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyebab EDS 76 adalah Avian adenovirus dari family Adenoviridae. Materi
genetik virus tersusun atas DNA dengan berat molekul 28,9 kD dan terdiri dari
13 struktur polipeptida. Bentuk virus adalah ikosahedral atau bidang bersudut
tiga berukuran 76-80 nm dan mempunyai densitas di dalam CsCI adalah 1,30-1,33
g/ml.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pada infeksi percobaan menunjukkan virus memperbanyak diri terbatas di dalam
mukosa hidung. Perbanyakan virus tersebut di dalam jaringan limfoid seperti
limpa dan timus berlangsung 3-4 hari pascainfeksi. Replikasi virus di dalam
Pouch Shell Gland paling massif dibandingkan bagian lain dari oviduct yang
terjadi 7-20 hari pascainfeksi. Replikasi ini terutama ada kaitannya dengan
respon peradangan di dalam Pouch Shell Gland dan menghasilkan kulit telur yang
abnormal. Virus tidak berkembang di dalam mukosa usus dan adanya virus dalam
tinja kemungkinan telah tercemar eksudat oviduct.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini pertama kali ditemukan di Eropa Barat tahun 1976, sejak itu
penyakit ini dilaporkan pula di beberapa Negara. Hal ini setelah diisolasi
virus EDS dan secara serologis ditemukan antibody seperti Australia, Belgia,
Prancis, Inggris, Hungaria, India, Italia, Jepang, Irlandia Utara, Afrika
Selatan, Taiwan, Brazil, Meksiko, Nigeria, Denmark, Singapura dan Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Di Indonesia telah dilaporkan terjadi di Sumatera Utara (Deli Serdang, Langkat
dan Kota Medan) tahun 1983 dan di Bali (Tabanan) tahun 1991.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Secara serologis telah dideteksi antibody pada berbagai jenis unggas termasuk
burung liar. Antibody dapat dideteksi pada berbagai jenis itik, angsa Kanada
dan mallards, herring gull, clepuk dan blao.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Kasus alami tidak pernah dilaporkan pada kalkun, sedangkan ayam mutiara
dilaporkan dapat terinfeksi secara alami maupun percobaan. Unggas terserang
pada semua umur dan puncak infeksi terjadi pada saat puncak produksi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit terutama ditularkan secara vertical melalui telur. Kepekaan ayam
terhadap virus EDS bervariasi. Strain ayam petelur putih jika terserang EDS
maka produksi telurnya lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ayam coklat.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam terserang tampak normal, meskipun menunjukkan gejala nafsu makan turun dan
lesu. Yang paling jelas terlihat adalah turunnya produksi telur dengan kualitas
jelek yang mencapai 40% bahkan mencapai 73,4 %. Keadaan ini berlangsung 6-8
minggu.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, patologis,
isolasi dan identifikasi agen penyebab. Identifikasi virus dilakukan dengan uji
HA dan HI, sedangkan antibody dalam serum darah ayam yang terinfeksi atau telah
divaksinasi dapat dideteksi dengan berbagai uji serologis seperti ELISA, SN,
FAT dan AGP.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini mempunyai gejala yang sangat mirip dengan IB yaitu penurunan
produksi dan kualitas telur yang jelek, hanya gejala pernafasan pada IB tidak
ditemukan pada EDS 76.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam yang sakit dipisahkan karena dapat menjadi reservoir. Kandang dan
peralatan dibersihkan dan didesinfeksi dengan formalin 2-5%. Tindakan yang
paling efektif adalah dengan melakukan vaksinasi dengan menggunakan vaksin
aktif dan inaktif.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Vaksin inaktif dapat memberikan respon kekebalan cukup baik dan dapat
melindungi ayam terhadap merosotnya produksi dan kualitas telur. Vaksinasi
dilakukan pada ayam umur 14 dan 16 minggu saat menjelang bertelur.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">6. INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Inclusion Body hepatitis merupakan penyakit menular pada ayam, yang ditandai
dengan anemia dan hepatitis disertai dengan badan-badan inklusi di dalam inti
sel hepatosit.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam-ayam yang terserang IBH mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi cukup besar karena
menyerang ayam-ayam yang sedang tumbuh dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas
tinggi serta kualitas karkas yang jelek.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Inclusion Body Hepatitis disebabkan oleh Adenovirus dari family Adenoviridae.
Materi genetic virus tersusun atas DNA dan banyak serotype dilaporkan F1, F2,
(F3 dan F4), F5, F6, (F7 dan F8), (F7 dan F10) dan (F8 dan F9). Bentuk virus
ikosahedral dan berukuran diameter 70 sampai 80 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit tersebar luas di beberapa Negara seperti Polandia, India, Inggris,
Australia, Irlandia Utara, Rumania, kanada, Kuba, Meksiko, Amerika Latin,
Malaysia dan Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Di Indonesia pertama kali dilaporkan di Sumatera Utara pada tahun 1984.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terserang adalah ayam, terutama ayam ras petelur dan broiler. Umur
terserang antara 2 sampai 13 minggu, tetapi yang paling banyak terserang adalah
umur 3 sampai 9 minggu. Ayam menjadi lebih peka jika ada penyakit lain yang
menginfeksi seperti Gumboro, Mareks, Kolibasillosis, Salmonellosis,
Leucocytozoonosis, Chicken Anemia Agent, Clostridium, dan</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Staphylococcus
sp.</span></i></div>
</span><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit mudah ditularkan melalui kontak langsung antara ayam-ayam sakit. Virus
dikeluarkan melalui tinja dan dapat mencemari lingkungan kandang, tempat
makanan dan minuman ayam. Pengeluaran virus juga melalui alat pernafasan.
Penularan vertical melalui telur pernah dilaporkan.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam terserang ditandai dengan tingkat morbiditas 100 % dan mortalitas 10
sampai 40 % terutama pada anak-anak ayam umur sehari dan menderita anemia
berat. Pada infeksi percobaan, tingkat morbiditas mencapai 90 % dan mortalitas
84 %, tertinggi terjadi 10 hari pascainfeksi.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi pada kasus alammi adalah 10-14 hari, sedangkan pada infeksi
percobaan lebih pendek yaitu 5 hari.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam-ayam terserang ditandai dengan gejala lesu, sayap terkulai, kepala
bengkak, jengger dan pial pucat, kadang-kadang diare dan muntah, keluar leleran
encer dari hidung. Gejala yang menonjol adalah anemia yang timbul mulai hari
ke-4 pascainfeksi, semakin nyata pada hari ke-10 dan 12. Setelah hari ke-6
sampai ke-18 berat badan menurun dan baru normal kembali setelah hari ke-30.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, patologis,
isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Uji serologis dengan uji SN dan AGP. Partikel
virus dalam sel dapat dideteksi dengan mikroskop electron.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit yang mempunyai gejala klinis atau perubahan patologis sangat mirip
dengan Histoniasis, Paccheco Parrot Disease (PPD), Mikotoksikosis dank arena
keracunan Sulfonamide.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tidak ada obat yang efektif untuk mencegah penyakit ini. Pemeliharaan kebersihan
kandang dan lingkungan sekitarnya sangat disarankan. Cara efektif berupa
vaksinasi, namun belum diperjualbelikan masih dalam tahap percobaan di
laboratorium. Vaksin IBH strain Tipton telah diuji cobakan melalui tetes mata
dan suntikan subkutan. Hasilnya pemberian vaksinasi secara subkutan memberikan
respon paling baik dan kebal terhadap virus tantang.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><br /></span></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">7. HELICOPTER CHICK SYNDROME</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Infectious Stunting Syndrome, Runting Syndrome, Unthrifnes Syndrome,
malabsorpsion Syndrome, millassimilation, Femoral Head Nekrosis, Pale Bird
Syndrome, Penyakit Helikopter. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit menular pada
ayam yang ditandai dengan kelemahan, kerdil atau pertumbuhan terhambat serta
bulu-bulu menyerupai baling-baling helicopter.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Agen penyebab Reovirus dari family Reoviridae. Materi genetik virus tersusun
atas RNA beruntai tungggal (ss-RNA) dengan berat molekul 2,8 kD. Virus
berbentuk iksahedral simetri dan berukuran 45-55 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini telah dilaporkan di berbagai Negara seperti Belanda, Prancis,
Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Australia dan Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Di Indonesia pertama kali dilaporkan di Bali tahun 1985.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini menyerang ayam, kalkun dan ayam mutiara dan yang terserang adalah
anak-anak ayam, diketahui setelah berumur 1 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara penularan tidak diketahui dengan pasti, diduga melalui kontak langsunng.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam terserang ditandai dengan tingkat morbiditas 5-20 % dan mortalitas 20-30
%, terutama terjadi pada anak-anak ayam dan menyebabkan kekerdilan sebanyak 30
%.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini ditandai dengan gejala kerdil dan anak ayam masih terbungkus olehh
bulu-bulu kapas, bulu tidak tumbuh sempurna dan terutama bulu sayap sering
mencuat keluar menyerupai baling-baling helicopter. Tangkai bulu sering patah
atau mengalami osteoporosis, arthritis dan berkurangnya pigmentasi kulit.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa yang palingmenentukan dalam penyakit ini adalah isolasi dan
identifikasi virus. Specimen untuk isolasi dapat diambil dari jaringan
proventrikulus, usus, ginjal, dan timus. Antibody dalam srum dideteksi dengan
uji serologis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini mempunyai gejala klinis dan lesi-lesi pada usus halus yang sangat
mirip dengan penyakit akibat defisiensi tiamin, riboflavin, asam pantotenat dan
niasin.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam sakit dipisahkan dan peralatan kandang didesinfeksi dengan formalin atau
NaOH 2 %. Cara pencegahan berupa vaksinasi tetapi saat ini vaksin belum
tersedia.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">8. INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Merupakan penyakit yang sangat menular pada ayam. Kerugian ekonomi diakibatkan
oleh penykit ini sangat besar karena morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyebab penyakit adalah Herpesvirus A dari family Herpesviridae. Virus
tersusun atas DNA dengan genom memiliki 2 bentuk isometrik. Bentuk ikosahedral
simetri tersusun atas 162 kapsomer dan beramplop.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Infeksi dimulai dari saluran pernafasan bagian atas dan mata, juga melalui
iingesti. Dalam traktus respiratorius bagian atas virus memperbanyak diri,
kemudian terdapat di dalam jaringan trachea sampai virus dikeluarkan
berlangsung dalam waktu 6-8 hari pascainfeksi. Penyebaran virus dari jaringan
trachea menuju ganglia trigeminal terjadi 4-7 hari setelah infeksi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini tersebar luas di beberapa negara, seperti Amerika Serikat,
Australia, New Zealand dan Inggris.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam adalah unggas yang paling peka terutama menyerang umur dewasa. Itik
terinfeksi menunjukkan gejala subklinis dan serokonversi. Unggas lain yang
secara percobaan dapat terinfeksi, seperti kkalkun, merak dan beberapa jenis
Kuau.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan melalui kontak langsung ayam sakit dengan yang sehat, terutama
penularan melalui pernafasan. Selain itu penularan potensial melalui peralatan
dan alas kandang tercemar virus.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi, morbiditas 90-100 % sedangkan
mortalitas bervariasi 5-70 %.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi bervariasi. Pada kasus alami, masa inkubasi 5-12 hari sedangkan
pada percobaan masa inkubasi lebih pendek 2-4 hari. Bentuk akut ditandai dengan
timbulnya gejala klinis sangat cepat atau mendadak dan cepat menular. Gejala
yang menonjol adalah gangguan pernafasan, sesak nafas, megap-megap, tampak
adanya lender dalam trachea yang ditunjukkan dengan mengguncang-guncangkan
kepalanya ke atas, ayam depresi, konjunktivitis, sinus infraorbitalis
membengkak. Kematian terjadi karena pernafasan seperti tercekik akibat sumbatan
gumpalan darah menyumbat saluran pernafasan.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pada bentuk ringan ditandai penurunan produksi telur dan kesembuhan dapat
terjadi dalam waktu 10-14 hari atau 1-4 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Berdasarkan epidemiologis penyakit ini bersifat akut dengan tingkat mortalitas
tinggi. Sedangkan berdasarkan gejala klinis penyakit ditandai dengan gejala
spesifik yaitu sesak nafas dan muntah darah. Dari pemeriksaan histopatologis
ditemukan badan inklusi di dalam inti sel epitel trakea akan memastikan
penyakit ini.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Uji serologis yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi antigen adalah FAT, AGP dan
ELISA menggunakan antibody monoclonal. Antibody juga dapat dideteksi dengan
serum netralisasi (SN).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ada beberapa penyakit unggas yang mempunyai gejala pernafasan yang mirip dengan
ILT, yaitu IB, ND, CRD atau Snot dan Avian Influenza. Lesi-lesi seperti
perkejuan yang terdapat pada mukosa trakea sangat mirip dengan penyakit Fowl
Pox atau karena defisiensi vitamin A.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tindakan pencegahan yang efektif dengan melakukan vaksinasi. Berbagai jenis
vaksin yang tersedia seperti Trachine, LT-Ivax, LT-Blen, Laryngo-Vac dan Fowl
Laryngotracheitis Vaccine. Respon kebal yang dihasilkan cukup baik jika
diberikan tetes mata dan berlangsung 10-15 minggu. Namun penggunaan vaksin
aktif menyebabkan efek samping yaitu terjadinya radang selaput lender mata dan
virus dapat ditularkan pada ayam lain dengan cara kontak. Sedangkan yang paling
aman digunakan vaksin inaktif, tetapi vaksin ini masih dalam pengembangan di
laboratorium.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">9. AVIAN INFECTIOUS SYNOVITIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: tenosinovitis, Viral Arthritis atau penyakit radang sendi.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Merupakan penyakit menular pada ayam yang ditandai dengan radang persendian
kaki, pincang dan merugikaan secara ekonomi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyebab penyakit adalah Reovirus dari family Reoviridae. Materi genetic virus
tersusun atas RNA beruntai ganda (ds-RNA), dan disebelah luarnya terdapat
kapsid dengan 92 kapsomer. Bentuk virus ikosahedral dan berukuran diameter
berkisar 75 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini tersebar luas di dunia. Di Indonesia belum pernah dilaporkan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam merupakan unggas yang paling peka terhadap penyakit ini. Umur terserang
antara 2-4 minggu, tetapi dapat juga terjadi pada umur 14-16 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan dapat secara horizontal atau kontak langsung dengan ayam sakit.
Kandang dan peralatan kandang, alat transportasi dan petugas yang keluar masuk
kandang tercemarr dapat menjadi sumber penularan. Selain itu penularan melalui
alat pernafasan tidak begitu penting karena virus yang dikeluarkan melalui
saluran pernafasan bagian atas sangat terbatas. Penularan vertical melalui
telur juga dapat terjadi dan kira-kira 30 % penularan melalui telur telah
dilaporkan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi secara alami tidak diketahui psti, sedangkan pada infeksi
percobaan bervariasi tergantung cara infeksi. Infeksi virus melalui telapak
kaki, masa inkubasi 2-7 hari, suntikan melalui pembuluh darah vena dan otot
5-11 hari, tetes hidung 15 hari, per oral dan kontak langsung dengan ayam sakit
masing-masing berlangsung 13-21 hari dan 3-7 minggu.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam terserang tampak lesu, nafsu makan menurun, jalan kaku dan pincang karena
terjadi pembengkakan pada sendi gastrocnemius dan tendo flexor, jaringan kaki
agak ditekuk dan lutut kaki sulit ditekuk.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa penyakit berdasarkan gejala klinis, isolasi dan identifikasi virus.
Antigen dalam jaringan dapat dideteksi dengan FAT dan AGP, sedangkan antibody
serum tertular atau yang telah divaksinasi dideteksi dengan SN atau ELISA.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Avian Infectious Synovitis sering dikelirukan dengan arthritis akibat infeksi
bakteri atau akibat kelainan anatomis diskondroplasia atau oleh material toksik
lainnya.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tidak ada obat yang efektif untuk penyakit ini. Tindakan yang efektif dilakukan
adalah dengan vaksinasi dan menjaga kebersihan kandang. Jenis vaksin yang dapat
digunakan ada 2 yaitu vaksin aktif dan inaktif. Vaksinasi pada ayam budi daya
dapat dilakukan 3 kali, mulai umur sehari, 30 hari dan terakhir sebelum
bertelur.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">10. AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Infectious Avian Encephalomyelitis atau Epidemik Tremor.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Merupakan penyakit menular pada ayam yang ditandai dengan kejang-kejang,
gemetar kepala dan leher serta kematian mendadak.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyebab penyakit adalah Enterovirus dari family Picornaviridae. Materi genetic
virus tersusun atas DNA beruntai tunggal (ss-DNA) dan dilapisi oleh kapsid
dengan 32 atau 42 kapsomer dan lapisan paling luar sebagai amplop. Bentuk virus
ikosahedral atau heksagonal dengan ukuran 24-32 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Infeksi virus AE pertama kali pada saluran pencernaan (dalam duodenum),
kemudian dengan cepat diikuti dengan viremia, selanjutnya terjadi infeksi pada
pancreas dan organ visceral (hati, jantung, ginjal dan limfa) dan otot serta
system syaraf. Infeksi saluran pencernaan meliputi lapisan muskuler dan infeksi
pankreatik yang ditentukan di dalam sel-sel acinar dan inlet. Virus terkumpul
di dalam system syaraf pusat terutama sel Purkinje dan lapisan molekuler otak
kecil (cerebellum) sebagai tempat perbanyakan virus.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Persistensi infeksi virus umumnya di CNS, saluran pencernaan dan pancreas. Di
dalam saluran pencernaan ayam berumur 2 tahun diinfeksi per oral dengan virus
AE, virus dapat ditemukan kembali di dalam tunika mukosa epithelium, lpisan
otot sirkuler atau mukosa muskularis di dalam tunika propria.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Avian Encephalomyelitis pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 1932 dan sejak itu
penyakit ini tersebar luas di beberapa Negara seperti Australia, Malaysia,
Papua New Guinea dan Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Di Indonesia dilaporkan terjadi di Jawa Barat dan Bali.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terserang adalah ayam, Kuau (Pasianus torquatus), puyuh, dan kalkun.
Umur yang paling peka adalah 1-6 minggu terutama kelompok umur yang seragam
dalam satu induk. Pada kelompok umur yang bervariasi atau umur yang tua relatif
tahan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ditularkan secara vertical melalui telur dan horizontal melalui
peralatan tertular. Penyebaran penyakit akan berlangsung cepat dari ayam yang
satu ke yang lainnya di dalam kandang atau antara kandang dengan kandang
lainnya. Penyebaran virus kurang cepat pada ayam yang dikurung dalam sangkar
dibandingkan dengan yang dilepas bersama-sama dalam lantai.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan vertikal merupakan cara penularan virus yang paling penting, baik
dari infeksi alami maupun percobaan. Kemtian embrio sangat tinggi setelah 3
hari di dalam mesin tetas.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Anak-anak yang terserang AE tingkat morbiditas 40-60 %, sedangkan mortalitas
rata-rata 25 % bahkan mencapai 50 %.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi bervariasi, pada infeksi alami berlangsung 1-3 minggu. Penularan
melalui kontak langsung atau per oral masa inkubasi 11-30 hari. Gejala klinis
yang dapat diamati adalah gejala lesu, malas bergerak, depresi, gerakan sempoyongan
seperti mau jatuh karena tidak ada keseimbangan (ataxia). Gejala ini
berlangsung sampai ayam tidak mampu bergerak. Kepala dan leher gemetar dan
apabila penyakit ini berlangsung lama sering diikuti kebutaan akibat katarak
(keratitis). Kematian ayam akibat kelaparan dan dehidrasi. Pada ayam yang
sedang bertelur terjadi penurunan produksi telur sekitar 10-25 % selama 1-3
minggu, bahkan terhenti sama sekali.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, patologis
dan isolasi virus.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Isolasi dapat dilakukan in vivo pada telur ayam berembrio dan in vitro pada
biakan sel. Deteksi antigen dapat dilakukan dengan uji FAT dan AGP, sedangkan
antibody dapat dideteksi dengan uji VN, CFT, FAT, ELISA, AGP dan pasif HA.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Beberapa penyakit unggas yang mempunyai gejala klinis dan perubahan patologis
mirip dengan AE seperti ND, Mareks dan gangguan nutrisi (Ricket,
Encephalomalacia, Defisiensi vitamin E, A atau Riboflavin).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam tertular harus segera dimusnahkan dengan cara dibakar atau ditanam.
Kandang dan peralatan harus didesinfeksi. Tidak ada obat yang efektif untuk
penyakit ini. Ayam-ayam yang sembuh akan kebal terhadap infeksi berikutnya.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tindakan yang efektif hanya vaksinasi terutama pada ayam budi daya agar
anak-anaknya memiliki antibody maternal yang dapat melindunginya selama 2-3
minggu. Ada 2 jenis vaksisn yang dapat digunakan yaitu vaksin aktif dan vaksin
inaktif. Vaksinasi dilakukan pada umur 10 dan 12 minggu melalui air minum
dengan vaksin aktif atau melalui goresan kulit sayap. Vaksin inaktif dapat
diberikan melalui suntikan intramuskuler.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">11. CHICKEN EMBRYO LETHAL ORPHAN (CELO) VIRUSIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Chicken embryo lethal orphan (Celo) virusis merupakan penyakit yang sangat
menular dan akut pada ayam, ditandai dengan gejala pernafasan dan penurunan
produksi telur.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">CELO virusis disebabkan oleh Adenovirus-1 dari family Adenoviridae. Terdapat
beberapa strai virus yang diketahui seperti Ote, B 1209, TR-22, CR-119, Italia,
EV-89, Phelps dan U. Conn. Materi genetic virus tersusun DNA berantai tunggal
(ss-DNA) dengan berat molekul 3,0 kD. Strukturnya sama dengan gallus adeno like
(GAL) virus. Bentuk virus ikosahedral dengan kapsid tersusun atas kapsomer dan
tidak mempunyai amplop serta berukuran 73 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">CELO virusis pertama kali dilaporkan terjadi di Amerika Serikat pada tahun
1952, setelah itu penyakit dilaporkan terjadi di beberapa Negara seperti
Inggris, Jepang dan India.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Terutama menyerang ayam, jenis unggas lainnya, kalkun, angsa, itik, ayam
mutiara dan kuau tahan dan tidak menunjukkan gejala klinis meskipun virus
pernah diisolasi.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Kelompok umur terserang umur dewasa, tetapi kasus paling banyak terjadi adalah
pada umur 4-12 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat ditularkan secara vertical melalui telur, kemungkinan
telur-telur tersebut tertular kira-kira 1 minggu setelah induk ayam tertular.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas bervariasi tergantung jenis dan umur unggas
terserang dan keganasan virus.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala yang terlihat pada ayam terserang adalah nafsu makan menurun, ngantuk,
gejala pernafasan berupa bersin-bersin atau megap-megap dan berlanagsung kronis
terutama yang diinfeksi oleh strain Italia. Diikuti dengan kelemahan kaki,
diare, berat badan menurun dan gejala syaraf.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, perubahan patologis
dan isolasi virus. Isolasi dilakukan pada telur ayam berembrio dan biakan sel
serta identifikasi dengan uji HA dan FAT, antibody dalam serum dideteksi dengan
AGP, SN, ELISA dan CFT.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini mempunyai gejala klinis ditandai dengan gejala pernafasan atau
syaraf yang sangat mirip dengan ND, IB, ILT, CRD dan Infectious Coryza.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tidak ada obat yang efektif untuk mengobati penyakit ini, pencegahan yang
efektif adalah vaksinasi, tetapi vaksin belum tersedia di pasaran. Vaksin masih
dalam taraf uji coba, seperti penggunaan vaksin CELO inaktif yang memberikan
respon terbatas, sedangkan penggunaan vaksin aktif mempunyai dampak yang dapat
menyebarkan virus dan akan menambah strain baru.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">12. CACAR UNGGAS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cacar unggas atau disebut juga Fowl Diptheria, Epithelioma Contagious, Roup
atau Poxvirus Avian</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cacar unggas disebabkan oleh Avipoxvirus dari family Poxviridae. Materi genetic
tersusun atas DNA beruntai ganda (ds-DNA) dengan berat molekul 160-185 kD
dengan kandungan guanine-cytosine (G-C) adalah 35 %. Bentuk virus seperti buah
Murbei dan beramplop dengan ukuran 250 x 254 nm.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini tersebar luas di beberapa Negara. Di Indonesia tersebar hamper di
seluruh daerah dan bersifat endemik.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cacar unggas menyerang ayam dan unggas lainnya termasuk burung dara, burung
gereja, burung beo, jalak, alap-alap, gelatik, nuri Amazon, dan ekek geling
Australia dan menyerang semua kelompok umur.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Infeksi terjadi secara mekanis melalui luka kulit. Virus dapat dibawa oleh
serangga dan virus masuk ke larynx lewat duktus lakrimalis dan menyebabkan
infeksi saluran pernaffasan bagian atas. Selain itu nyamuk dan jenis serangga
lainnya telah dilaporkan sebagai vector mekanis. Ada 11 spesies Diptera
dilaporkan sebagai vector mekanis virus Pox, diantaranya jenis kutu Dermanyss
gallinae berperan besar dalam penyebaran cacar.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan mortalitas bervariasi dari beberapa unggas sampai seluruh flok
dapat terserang tergantung keganasan dan ada tidaknya pencegahan penyakit saat
itu. Tingkat mortalitas unggas terserang biasanya rendah, tetapi pada kasus
hebat dapat mencapai 50 %. Cacar pada burung kenari mempunyai mortalitas tinggi
yaitu 80-100 %.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi bervariasi dan berlangsung 4-10 hari pada ayam, kalkun dan burung
dara. Pada burung kenari kira-kira 4 hari. Unggas terserang ditandai dengan 2
bentuk gejala klinis yaitu bentuk kulit dan difteritik atau keduanya.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Bentuk kulit ditandai dengan nodul-nodul pada jengger, pial, sudut paruh,
kelopak mata dan daerah kulit lainnya yang tidak berbulu. Nodul dengan cepat
bertambah besar sebagai papula dan selanjutnya menjadi vesikel dengan bentukan
lesi yang menebal berupa keropeng.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Bentuk difterik atau disebut juga pox basah ditandai dengan lesi difterik
berwarna kekuningan pada selaput lender mulut, esophagus atau rrakea. Apabila
sudah mengenai seluruh trakea akan diikuti dengan gejala pernafasan yang hebat.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, isolasi dan
identifikasi virus. Berdasarkan gejala klinis dan patologis penyakit mudah
didiagnosa. Strain virus dapat dibedakan dengan menggunakan uji CFT, HA pasif,
AGP, Imunoperoksidase, VN, FAT, dan ELISA. Selanjutnya karakterisasi asam inti
(genom) dilakukan dengan tekhnik analisis restriksi endonuklease dari DNA dan
karakter antigenic dari protein untuk membedakan strain virus dapat ditentukan
dengan Immunoblotting.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini mempunyai gejala klinis pernafasan ringan disertai dengan bengkak
kelopak mata yang dapat dikelirukan dengan Snot atau lesi-lesi pada mukosa
mulut, esophagus dan trakea anak ayam berupa massa perkejuan sering dikelirukan
dengan Defisiensi Biotin atau asam pantotenat, trikomonas (</span><i style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Trichomonas
gallinae</i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam sakit dipisah dengan yang sehat. Segera diobati dengan yodium tincture
setelah keropeng dikupas. Cara yang efektif untuk mencegah penyakit yaitu
dengan vaksinasi. Vaksin yang digunakan yaitu vaksin aktif dari biakan sel atau
CAM dan mengandung 10 5 EID 50 /ml. vaksin yang berasal dari biakan sel lebih
ekonomis dan seragam dibandingkan dari CAM embrio ayam.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">13. PENYAKIT MAREK</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Neurolimfomatosisi Galinarum, Fowl Paralisis, Polineuritis atau
Range Paralisis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit marek disebabkan oleh Herpesvirus dari family Gammaherpesviridae, sama
dengan Epstein-Barr virus dan herpesvirus dari kalkun (HVT). Materi virus
tersusun atas DNA beruntai ganda (ds-DNA) dengan berat molekul 108-120 kD atau
166-184 kbp. Virus ini dibagi menjadi 3 serotipe, yaitu serotype 1 termasuk
virus patogenik dan sel kultur attenuated variant, serotype 2 adalah
non-patogenik pada ayam dan serotype 3 adalah virus non-patogenik kalkun atau
HVT.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit Marek pertama kali dilaporkan oleh Mareks di Hungaria pada tahun 1907.
Penyakit ini tersebar luas di dunia. Di Indonesia dilaporkan pertama kali tahun
1949.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam adalah salah satu unggas yang paling peka terhadap penyakit ini, selain
itu puyuh, unggas lain seperti red jungle fowl (Gallus murghi) dan Ceylon
jungle fowl ( Gallus gallus sonerati) dapat terinfeksi secara alami. Itik,
angsa, kuau, kenari, budgerigar, great horned owls kemungkinan dapat terserang
karena dapat memperlihatkan lesi-lesi penyakit Mareks pada pemeriksaan
patologis, meskipun agen penyebabnya tidak dikenal.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit umumnya terjadi pada umur 3-4 minggu atau umur lebih tua, tetapi kasus
paling banyak terjadi pada umur 12 dan 30 minggu meskipun wabah pernah terjadi
pada umur 60 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat ditularkan melalui kontak langsung atau tidak langsung antara
ayam sakit dengan ayam sakit. Sel-sel epitel folikel terserang merupakan sumber
virus di sekitar kandang. Kulit ayam tertular dapat membawa virus selama 76
minggu. Bulu ayam dan debu kandang ayam tertular tetap menular dalam beberapa
bulan pada suhu 20-25°C dan selama 1 tahun pada suhu 4°C dan ayam yang sehat
dapat bertindak sebagai pembawa virus.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Kejadian penyakit bervariasi, ada yang hanya beberapa ekor ayam yang
menunjukkan gejala klinis kemudian sembuh. Secara umum morbiditas dan mortaitas
hampir sama dan tergantung dari strain virus, dosis dan rute infeksi serta
status hospes seperti sex, umur, antibodi serta faktor lingkungan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ada 4 bentuk penyakit yaitu bentuk syaraf, visceral, mata dan kulit. Gejala
awal adalah depresi, nafsu makan menurun, kurus, dan diare. Gejala syaraf
ditandai dengan kelumpuhan anggota gerak, salah satu kaki direntangkan ke depan
dan satu kaki lainnya ke belakang. Sayap menggantung dan leher tortikolis.
Kebutaan dapat terjadi karena iris terserang diawali dengan katarak atau
keratitis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologi, gejala klinis dan
patologis, isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Virus dalam jaringan dapat dideteksi
dengan uji FAT dan ELISA. Virus patogenik dan non patogenik dapat dibedakan
dengan PCR. Sekuen virus di dalam sel terinfeksi dapat dideteksi dengan in situ
hibridazasi.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini ditandai dengan gejala syaraf dan mirip dengan ND, AE, defisiensi
vitamin B1. Tumor yang terdapat pada organ dalam mirip dengan penyakit limfoid
leukosis (LL) dan retikuloendotheliosis (RE). bursa yang atrofi mirip dengan
Gumboro dan IBH.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pemberian obat-obatan sebagai kemoprofilaksis dapat dicoba meskipun tidak
efisien. Secara in vitro dicoba dengan beberapa obat seperti fosfonoasetat,
fosfonoformat, ara-C, AUS, impacarzin, acyclovir dan FIAC dilaporkan dapat
menghambat replikasi virus Mareks atau menghambat perkembangan limfoma.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara yang paling efektif adalah vaksinasi. Ada 3 klas virus yang dapat
digunakan sebagai vaksin yaitu virus Marek serotype 1 yang dilemahkan, HVT dan
isolate virus Mareks ganas serotype 2. Vaksin polivalen terdiri dari virus
serotype 2 dan 3 pernah dilaporkan.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Vaksinasi biasanya diberikan pada anak ayam umur 1 hari dengan dosis 10 3
PFU/ekor. Pemberian melalui suntikan intramuskuler lebih efektif dibandingkan
dengan sub kutan. Vaksinasi melalui embrio ayam pada semua umur memberikan
perlindungan sangat baik dibandingkan vaksinasi saat menetas. Paling baik
vaksinasi dilakukan pada umur embrio 17 atau 18 hari.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">14. LIMFOID LEUKOSIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Lymhatic Leukosis, Visceral Lymphoma, Visceral Lymphomatosis,
Lymphocytoma atau Penyakit Bengkak Hati (Big Liver Disease).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Agen penyebab penyakit adalah Oncovirus tipe C sub family Oncoviridae dari
family Retroviridae. Materi genetik virus tersusun atas RNA dan mempunyai enzim
reverse transcriptase. Virus ini dibagi dalam 5 golongan subgroup yaitu A, B,
C, D dan E. golongan A dan B merupakan golongan yang paling sering menyebabkan
Leukosis Limfoid, C dan D kadang-kadang dan E jarang.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dilaporkan terjadi di beberapa Negara seperti Australia, Korea,
Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Srilanka, India dan Indonesia.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Di Indonesia tersebar luas di beberapa daerah dan bersifat sporadis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam menjadi hospes yang paling peka terhadap semua subgroup virus LL dan
terjadi pada ayam dewasa yaitu pada umur diatas 14 minggu dan kematian paling
banyak terjadi pada umur 20 dan 24 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan secara vertical dan horizontal. Penularan vertical dari induk kepada
anak melalui telur, sedangkan secara horizontal melalui kontak langsung atau
tidak langsung melalui ayam sakit.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam terserang ditandai dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas rendah.
Tingkat mortalitas pada ayam broiler dan petelur masing-masing 0,57 % dan 2,18
%.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini ditandai dengan nafsu makan menurun, jengger dan pial pucat sampai
kebiruan dan keriput. Perut terlihat membesar karena hati yang membengkak,
bulu-bulu menjadi kotor karena tercemar asam urat dan figmen empedu dan
ayam-ayam tampak kurus dan lemah.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnose biasanya berdasarkan lesi-lesi mikroskopis dan histopatologis, isolasi
dan identifikasi virus. Virus dapat dideteksi dengan uji CFT, ratio
Immunoassay, ELISA, FAT dan Resistance Inducing Factor (RIF).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini sangat mirip dengan Marek dari perubahan organ visceral dan
penyakit ini tidak pernah diikuti dengan gejala syaraf.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit lainnya sebagai diagnose banding yaitu Eritroblastosis,
Mieloblastosis, Penyakit Pullorum, Tuberkulosis, Granuloma Koli, penyakit
Hjarres dan Degenerasi lemak hati.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ayam yang sakit sebaiknya dimusnahkan dengan cara dibakar atau dikubur. Kandang
dan peralatan didesinfeksi. Tindakan pencegahan paling efektif adalah dengan
vaksinasi, tetapi dianggap tidak efisien karena kejadian penyakit bersifat
sporadis dan kerugian yang ditimbulkan penyakit rendah.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">15. RETIKULOENDOTHELIOSIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Retikuloendotheliosis merupakan penyakit menular yang menyerang unggas dan
bersifat imunosupresif ditandai dengan depresi respon humoral dan seluler.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh Retrovirus dari family Retroviridae. Materi
genetic tersusun atas RNA beruntai tunggal (ss-RNA) terdiri dari 60-70S
mengandung 2 subunit 30-40S RNA. Virus ini mempunyai enzim reversetrancriptase
yang secara struktur dan imunologis berbeda dengan virus leukosis atau sarcoma
viruses.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terinfeksi virus RE non-defektif akan mengalami imunosupresif yaitu
terjadi depresi respon humoral dan seluler. Hal ini dapat diperlihatkan setelah
terjadi hambatan respon antibody terhadap Marek dan Herpesvirus kalkun, ND dan
Brucella abortus. Ayam terinfeksi akan menjadi sangat peka terhadap Fowl pox,
ILT, IB, necrotic dermatitis, Salmonella typhimurium dan Eimeria tenella.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini telah mewabah di Amerika Serikat (Minnesota, Texas, Virginia dan
Pensylvania), Jerman, Israel, Australia dan Jepang. Di Indonesia belum pernah
dilaporkan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini bersifat sporadik menyerang ayam dan berbagai jenis unggas lainnya
seperti kalkun, itik, puyuh, kuau dan angsa.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan secara horizontal atau kontak langsung dan vertical dari induk ke
anak. Selain itu dilaporkan peranan serangga dalam penyebaran penyakit sangat
penting seperti nyamuk Culex annulirostris.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi penyakit 3 hari. Unggas mengalami anemia dan kerdil, pertumbuhan
bulu abnormal, lemah dan paralisis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologis, gejala klinis, patologis,
isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Uji virus menggunakan FAT, CFT, ELISA.
Sedangkan antibody dapat dideteksi menggunakan uji</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">SN, AGP, Indirek FAT, dan SN pseudotipe.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini mirip dengan Marek, Limfoid Leukosis dan penyakit tumor lainnya.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tidak ada tindakan yang khusus terhadap penyakit ini karena kejadiannya sangat
jarang atau sporadis.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">16. PENYAKIT DERZYS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Gosling Plaque atau Parvovirus. Merupakan penyakit sangat menular
dan mematikan pada anak angsa dan itik.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Agen penyebab adalah parvovirus dari family Parvoviridae. Materi genetic virus
tersusun atas DNA yang dilapisi oleh kapsid. Virus berbentuk ikosahedral dan
berukuran 20 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dilaporkan terjadi di Jerman, Ceko dan slowakia, Inggris, China
dan Polandia.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Yang terserang terutama angsa dan itik (Cairina moschata).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terserang ditandai dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi
mencapai 90 %.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terserang tidak menunjukkan gejala klinis yang jelas.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dideteksi dengan melakukan isolasi dan identifikasi virus. Virus
dapat dideteksi menggunakan uji immunoperoksidase dalam biakan sel. Untuk
mendeteksi antibody dilakukan dengan uji SN, FAT, dan AGP.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dapat dikelirukan dengan beberapa penyakit seperti kolera unggas
dan koksidiosis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tindakan pencegahan dengan vaksinasi, tetapi vaksinasi belum tersedia di
pasaran dan masih dikembangkan di laboratorium. Vaksin yang dikembangkan adalah
vaksin aktif dari strain Hokstra yang dilemahkan, diberikan pada unggas umur 2
hari melalui tetes hidung atau suntikan sub kutan.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">17. PENYAKIT SAMPAR ITIK</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Duck Virus Enteritis, Pestis Anatum, Duck Plaque.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh Herpesvirus dari family Herpesviridae. Materi
genetic tersusun atas DNA dan ukuran virus 80-100 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dilaporkan di Belanda, Perancis, Belgia, Amerika Serikat, Jerman,
Denmark, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam dan Cina. Di Indonesia belum
pernah dilaporkan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Yang paling peka adalah itik, angsa dan unggas liar lainnya.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penularan melalui kontak langsung dan tak langsung melalui lingkungan kandang,
tempat makanan dan minuman tercemar.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terserang menunjukkan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi
antara 5-100%.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Masa inkubasi 3-7 hari. Gejala klinis berupa depresi, takut sinar, keluar
cairan dari mata, nafsu makan turun bahkan menghilang sama sekali, haus luar
biasa. Gejala syaraf ditandai dengan kelumpuhan, leher dan kepala gemetar,
sayap lemas menggantung. Bulu-bulu di daerah perut dan dada kotor tercemar
tinja karena unggas mengalami diare. Kematian dapat terjadi seketika, itik yang
berumur 2-7 minggu terserang ditandai dengan dehidrasi yang hebat, berat badan
cepat menurun dan bercak-bercak perdarahan pada kulit di daerah tubuh bagian
ventral.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologi, gejala klinis,
patologis dan isolasi virus. Virus dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan uji SN.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala klinis sampar itik mirip dengan gejala beberapa penyakit seperti
Pasteurellosis, Enteritis Hemorhagica, Mikotoksikosis, ND, Avian Influenza, dan
Fowl Pox.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara pencegahan efektif adalah vaksinasi, menggunakan vaksin strain Holland
atau strain local (DVE-MLV) yang dilemahkan. Vaksin ini telah dicobakan di
Thailand dan menunjukkan respon cukup baik. Vaksin local yang uji cobakan di
Vietnam memberikan kekebalan 30-45 hari dan 6 bulan.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Selain vaksin aktif yang digunakan, terdapat juga vaksin inaktif yang diberikan
sub kutan.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">18. DUCK VIRUS HEPATITIS</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Duck Virus Hepatitis merupakan penyakit menular yang bersifat akut dan
mematikan pada itik terutama yang berumur muda dan ditandai dengan hepatitis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Agen penyebab Picornavirus dari family Picornaviridae. Materi genetic virus
tersusun atas RNA, dan ukuran virus 20-40 nm.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit tersebar luas di Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Inggris, Jerman, Belanda,
Belgia, Italia, Rusia, Hungaria, Perancis, Ceko dan Slowakia, Israel, Arab
Saudi, India, Thailand, dan Jepang. Di Indonesia belum pernah dilaporkan.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini menyerang itik terutama yang berumur muda. Ayam dan kalkun,
mamalia lain seperti kelinci, marmot, mencit dan anjing tahan terhadap penyakit
ini.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ditularkan pada kelompok melalui kontak langsung dan tak langsung
melalui kotoran yang tercemar virus. Unggas liar kemungkinan dapat bertindak
sebagai pembawa virus.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tingkat morbiditas mencapai 100 %, sedangkan mortalitas bervariasi tergantung
umur itik terserang. Itik yang berumur 1-3 minggu mortalitasnya 50-95 %,
sedangkan yang berumur 4-5 minggu mortalitasnya rendah.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit berjalan akut. Itik-itik terserang mati mendadak dalam beberapa jam
atau dalam waktu 3-4 hari. Itik memperlihatkan gejala lesu, malas bergerak,
mata tertutup, kedua kaki kejang dan kepala terkulai ke belakang.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan gejala klinis, patologis dan isolasi
virus. Uji untuk mendeteksi penyakit dan identifikasi virus adalah uji HA
pasif, AGP dan SN.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Penyakit ini mempunyai gejala klinis dan lesi-lesi patologis yang sangat mirip
dengan penyakit sampar itik, ND, Avian Influenza dan Aflatoksikosis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas sakit dipisahkan dan dimusnahkan dengan dibakar atau dikubur yang dalam.
Kandang dibersihkan dan didesinfeksi.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tindakan pencegahan yang efektif dengan vaksinasi menggunakan vaksin DVH
inaktif. Vaksinasi dilakukan pada umur 16 minggu, titer antibody akan meningkat
jika dilakukan vaksinasi dengan dosis bertingkat pada umur 8, 16 dan 22 minggu.
Vaksinasi dengan vaksin aktif dimulai pada umur 2-3 hari dengan pengulangan
pada umur 22 minggu.</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">19. AVIAN INFLUENZA (FLU BURUNG)</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Nama lain: Fowl Plaque, penyakit pilek. Merupakan penyakit menular pada ayam
yang ditandai dengan gejala pernafasan dari ringan sampai berat dan disertai
penurunan produksi dan kualitas telur.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Etiologi</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Avian influenza disebabkan oleh Influenzavirus tipe A dari famili
Orthomyxoviridae. Virus influenza tipe B dan C hanya ditemukan pada manusia.
Virus influenza tipe A dibagi ke dalam beberapa subtype berdasarkan sifat
antigenic hemaglutinin (HA) dan neuraminidase (NA).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Patogenesa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Infeksi virus influenza bervariasi tergantung dari spesies dan umur hospes,
status imun hospes, faktor lingkungan adanya infeksi sekunder seperti virus ND,
E. coli dan Pasteurella sp, Mycoplasma sp. Ayam dan kalkun merupakan unggas
yang dianggap mempunyai kepekaan sama terhadap virus ini meskipun secara
percobaan kedua jenis unggas ini kehebatannya berbeda.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Epidemiologi:</b></div>
</b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Distribusi Geografis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Avian influenza tersebar luas di dunia. Di Indonesia ditemukan hamper di
seluruh daerah dan sejak tahun 2003 kasus ini endemis.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Jenis Unggas Terserang</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Berbagai jenis unggas dapat terserang, ayam, itik, angsa dan burung-burung
peliharaaan. Sedangkan burung liar diperkirakan dapat tertular dan menjadi
sumber penyebaran virus (migrasi burung) dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Avian influenza bersifat zoonosa karena dapat menular pada manusia yang
ditandai dengan konjungtivitis. Beberapa strain virus berasal dari manusia
dapat menular ke babi dan sebaliknya.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Cara Penularan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Infeksi alami penyakit ini tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Beberapa kasus
penyakit terjadi sangat cepat dari flok yang satu ke flok yang lainnya.
Dilaporkan terjadi penularan kontak langsung antara kalkun yang terinfeksi
dengan kalkun yang peka.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Secara percobaan virus influenza berhasil diisolasi dari telur ayam terinfeksi
yang dieramkan. Peranan hewan lain seperti babi dan beberapa jenis unggas atau
burung liar telah diduga ikut berperanan dalam penularan penyakit.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Morbiditas dan Mortalitas</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas bervariasi tergantung jenis unggas dan umur
terserang, keganasan virus, lingkungan dan infeksi ikutan. Unggas terserang
virus influenza ganas ditandai dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas dapat
mencapai 100 %.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Gejala Klinis</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Unggas terserang virus yang ganas menimbulkan gejala klinis klasik dengan
kematian mendadak. Gejala lainnya seperti gejala pernafasan yang hebat, bersin,
ngorok, depresi, unggas sering bergerombol pada satu tempat, keluar air mata,
radang sinus, oedema kepala dan muka, jengger dan pial sianosis, diare dan
gejala syaraf.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Virus yang tidak ganas sering menimbulkan masalah terutama pada kalkun,
ditandai dengan produksi telur menurun bahkan berhenti dan diikuti gejala
pernafasan, depresi dan radang sisnus (sinusitis).</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Avian influenza dapat didiagnosa berdasarkan epidemiologi, gejala klinis,
perubahan patologis dan isolasi virus. Isolasi virus dapat dilakukan secara in
vivo pada telur ayam berembrio dan in vitro pada biakan sel. Virus dapat
diidentifikasi menggunakan uji serologis seperti hemaglutinasi (HA) dan
hambatan hemaglutinasi (HI), CFT, FAT, AGP. Antibody dideteksi dengan single
radial hemolysis dan ELISA.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Diagnosa Banding</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Ada beberapa penyakit yang mempunyai gejala klinis yang sangat mirip seperti
ND, Chlamydia, CRD, dan penyakit bakterial lainnya.</span></div>
</span>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan</b></div>
</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Tidak ada obat yang efektif untuk mengatasi penyakit ini. Tindakan pencegahan
yang dilakukan adalah vaksinasi dan desinfeksi kandang. Ayam-ayam tertular
dimusnahkan dengan dibakar atau ditanam yang dalam.</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Vaksinasi dilakukan dengan vaksin inaktif polivalen atau monovalen dengan
adjuvant dilaporkan mampu merangsang pembentukan antibody dan terlindung dari
serangan penyakit, penurunan produksi telur dan kematian.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">Baca juga info lainnya di <a href="http://saruedisimamorae.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Saruedi Simamora</a> dan <a href="http://drhyudi.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Dunia Veteriner (Kedokteran Hewan)</a>!</span></div>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-61812196959299008702013-11-14T05:26:00.011-08:002013-11-14T05:26:59.196-08:00I'm Yours<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Play Music-I'm Yours by Winda</div>
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<br />Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1344218022795995371.post-89707856940082988432013-04-04T08:22:00.001-07:002013-04-04T08:22:38.650-07:00Makalah Kuliah: antibiotik yang menghambat sintesis asam nukleat<a href="http://rhyafile.blogspot.com/2013/01/antibiotik-yang-menghambat-sintesis.html?spref=bl">Makalah Kuliah: antibiotik yang menghambat sintesis asam nukleat</a>: BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Pencarian antibiotik dimulai pada akhir tahun 1800-an ketika teori tentang asal usul penyaki...Saruedi Simamorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05213196706452758247noreply@blogger.com0